Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Women n=924 | Men n=346 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49 ±15 | 46 ±15 | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.96 ±8.14 | 23.97 ±6.51 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.9 ±17.01 | 83.77 ±15.33 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 106.12 ±16.7 | 93.24 ±13 | <0.001 |
| Waist to Hip ratio | 0.88 ±0.09 | 0.9 ±0.08 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.58 ±25.66 | 133.82 ±27.06 | 0.645 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85.79 ±14.68 | 83.27 ±16.69 | 0.009 |
| Glucose Fasting Blood (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.5;5.3) | 4.8 (4.35;5.2) | 0.001 |
| Glucose 2-hour (mmol/L) | 6.3 (5.2;7.7) | 5 (4.1;6.45) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.82 ±0.92 | 5.63 ±0.69 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 40.13 ±10.03 | 38.08 ±7.49 | 0.001 |
| Fasting Insulin (mIU/L) | 6.95 (4.6;10.8) | 4.5 (2.7;7.9) | <0.001 |
| 2-hour Insulin (mIU/L) | 42.6 (23.55;77.48) | 21.4 (9.5;41.9) | <0.001 |
| Glucose tolerance status | 0.009 | ||
| Normotolerant, n(%) | 684 (74.19) | 285 (82.37) | |
| Prediabetes, n(%) | 165 (17.90) | 42 (12.14) | |
| Screen-detected Diabetes, n(%) | 75 (7.92) | 19 (5.49) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.16 (0.82;1.61) | 1.13 (0.85;1.71) | 0.746 |
| Cholesterol HDL (mmol/L) | 1.38 ±0.39 | 1.28 ±0.38 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L) | 3.24 ±0.97 | 2.87 ±0.96 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive Protein (mg/L) | 4.2 (1.79;9.07) | 2.79 (1.21;6.33) | <0.001 |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L) | 28 (19;42) | 30 (22;49) | 0.002 |
| Cotinine (ng/mL) | 35.10 (10.00; 274.00) | 156.00 (10.00–290.50) | 0.005 |
| Currently smoking, n(%) | 451 (50.62) | 213 (63.96) | <0.001 |
| Current drinker, n(%) | 245 (26.6) | 149 (43.44) | <0.001 |
| miR-30a-5p (2-ΔCt) | 0.0035 ±0.0083 | 0.0037 ±0.0075 | 0.684 |
| miR-182-5p (2-ΔCt) | 0.2002 ±0.3198 | 0.1927 ±0.2571 | 0.697 |