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. 2020 Dec 8;9(12):1244. doi: 10.3390/antiox9121244

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram showing the effect of hyperglycemia on metabolic dysfunction in the diabetic retina. Hyperglycemia-induced dysfunction of the different cell types in the neurovascular unit of the retina disrupts the entire metabolic ecosystem, leading to visual dysfunction in DR. Abbreviations: RPE, retinal pigmented epithelium; Glut-1, glucose transporter 1; AG, aerobic glycolysis; OxPhos, oxidative phosphorylation; iBRB, inner blood–retinal barrier; oBRB, outer blood–retinal barrier; MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid.