HCQ Prevents the Epigenetic Changes That Underly Trained Immunity
(A and B) PBMCs were stimulated with HKCA, HKCA+HCQ, or RPMI as a control for 24 h, after which cells were rested for 5 days. Subsequently, monocytes were purified and ChIP was performed for H3K27ac and H3K4me3 (n = 3 per treatment group).
(A) Heatmap showing relative H3K27ac (left panel) and H3K4me3 (middle panel) dynamics at sites with a significant change in histone mark abundance (FDR, <0.01) between HKCA-stimulated and control monocytes.
(B) GO enrichment analysis of regulatory elements that remain epigenetically activated in HKCA-trained monocytes compared to HKCA+HCQ-treated cells (FDR, <0.01). Gene sets significantly associated at both an FDR Q value of <0.05 and a binominal p value of <0.05 are shown.