Figure 6.

ADMA reduces mitochondrial respiration and decreases mitochondrial quality in cultured myotubes. A and B, cultured C2C12 mytoubes were vehicle-treated or treated with (A) 500 μm ADMA, or (B) 500 μm l-NMMA for 48 h. Mitochondrial respiration was measured by high-resolution respirometry, and the RCR was calculated as the quotient of maximal respiration and respiration following oligomycin treatment. C and D, transmission EM images of differentiated C2C12 myotubes treated for 48 h with vehicle control or 500 μm ADMA were used to assess mitochondrial morphology, including (D) mitochondrial cross-sectional area, aspect ratio, form factor, and density by area. *, represents significant difference (p < 0.05) between vehicle-treated and ADMA- or l-NMMA-treated cells. Data are presented as mean ± S.D.