Table 1.
Inactivated whole-cell vaccines a.
| Species | Inactivation Method | Immunization Method | Challenge Strain | Challenge Method | Animal Model | Protection | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. pseudomallei K96243 | Heat-killed | i.p. (108 CFU) |
B. pseudomallei K96243 B. pseudomallei 576 B. pseudomallei K96243 B. mallei |
i.p. (3.5 × 105 CFU) i.p. (2.2 × 104 CFU) i.n. (92 CFU) i.n. (6.3 × 103 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | 80% at day 21 100% at day 21 8 days (MTTD) 23.1 days (MTTD) |
[26] |
| B. pseudomallei 576 | Heat-killed | i.p. (108 CFU |
B. pseudomallei K96243 B. pseudomallei 576 B. pseudomallei K96243 B. mallei |
i.p. (3.5 × 105 CFU) i.p. (2.2 × 104 CFU) i.n. (92 CFU) i.n. (6.3 × 103 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | 100% at day 21 100% at day 21 9.75 days (MTTD) 13.78 days (MTTD) |
[26] |
| B. mallei | Heat-killed | i.p. (108 CFU) |
B. pseudomallei K96243 B. pseudomallei K96243 B. mallei |
i.p. (1.4 × 105 CFU) i.n. (92 CFU) i.n. (6.3 × 103 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | 70% at day 44 17.2 days (MTTD) 13.7 days (MTTD) |
[26] |
| B. thailandensis | Heat-killed | i.p. (108 CFU) |
B. pseudomallei K96243 B. pseudomallei K96243 B. mallei |
i.p. (1.4 × 105 CFU) i.n. (92 CFU) i.n. (6.3 × 103 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | 60% at day 44 7.4 days (MTTD) 6.3 days (MTTD) |
[26] |
| B. pseudomallei | Heat-killed | i.n. (105 CFU+ CLDC adjuvant) | B. pseudomallei 1026b | i.n. (7.5 × 103 CFU) | BALB/c mice | 55.5% at day 60 | [31] |
| B. pseudomallei A2 | Paraformaldehyde-killed Heat-killed |
i.m. (108 CFU) | B. pseudomallei A2 | i.p. (100 CFU) |
BALB/c mice |
60% at day 30 All died within 6 days |
[29] |
| B. mallei | Heat-killed, strain ATCC23344 | s.c. (108 CFU + Alhydrogel) | B. mallei ATCC23344 | i.p. (2.3 × 108 CFU) | BALB/c mice | All died within 21 days | [27] |
| B. mallei | Irradiation-inactivated, strain ATCC23344) | s.c. (108 CFU + Alhydrogel) | B. mallei ATCC23344 | i.p. (2.3 × 108 CFU) | BALB/c mice | 25% at day 2 | [27] |
| B. mallei | Irradiation-inactivated, B. mallei capsule-negative mutant | s.c. (108 CFU + Alhydrogel) | B. mallei ATCC23344 | i.p. (2.8 × 108 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | All died within 21 days | [27] |
| B. mallei | Irradiation-inactivated, strain ATCC23344 | s.c. (108 CFU + Alhydrogel) |
B. mallei ATCC23344 B. mallei (capsule-negative mutant) B. mallei (capsule-negative mutant) |
i.p. (2.8 × 108 CFU) i.p. (6.5 × 108 CFU) i.p. (2.8 × 108 CFU) |
BALB/c mice | 20% at day 21 100% at day 21 80% at day 21 |
[27] |
a Abbreviations: i.p., intraperitoneal; i.m., intramuscular; i.n., intranasal; i.v., intravenous; s.c., subcutaneous; CFU, colony forming units; MTTD, mean time to death; CLDC, cationic liposomes complexed with noncoding plasmid DNA.