Table 2.
Worldwide associations between sociodemographic variables and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Demographics | Beta Coef | Std Error | 95% CI | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marital Status | |||||
| Widowed | −2.75 | 3.89 | −10.41 | 4.90 | 0.48 |
| Divorced | −0.67 | 1.03 | −2.08 | 1.95 | 0.95 |
| Separated | −1.46 | 1.87 | −5.15 | 2.22 | 0.43 |
| Partnered | 0.46 | 0.82 | −1.15 | 2.06 | 0.58 |
| Other | 0.29 | 1.43 | −2.51 | 3.10 | 0.21 |
| Single | 0.41 | 0.72 | −1.01 | 1.82 | 0.56 |
| Age | |||||
| 25–34 | 0.85 | 1.00 | −1.10 | 2.90 | 0.39 |
| 35–44 | −0.13 | 1.11 | −2.32 | 2.06 | 0.91 |
| 45–54 | −1.32 | 1.13 | −3.54 | 0.89 | 0.24 |
| 55–64 | −2.14 | 1.23 | −4.54 | 0.27 | 0.08 |
| 65–74 | −2.04 | 1.75 | −5.48 | 1.40 | 0.25 |
| 75+ | −7.13 | 3.65 | −14.29 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 3.17 | 0.51 | 2.18 | 4.16 | 0.00 |
| Other | 1.19 | 2.76 | −4.23 | 6.62 | 0.67 |
| Education | |||||
| Some college/no degree | 3.25 | 1.65 | 0.02 | 6.48 | 0.05 |
| Two-year | 3.18 | 2.02 | −0.79 | 7.16 | 0.12 |
| Four-year | 3.28 | 1.58 | 0.18 | 6.38 | 0.04 |
| Master’s | 2.11 | 1.60 | −1.03 | 5.26 | 0.18 |
| Doctoral | 2.74 | 1.62 | −0.43 | 5.92 | 0.09 |
| Professional Degree (JD/MD) | 1.47 | 1.76 | −1.98 | 4.92 | 0.40 |
| Employment Status | |||||
| Employed part-time | −0.25 | 0.86 | −1.93 | 1.43 | 0.77 |
| Unemployed | 0.31 | 2.02 | −3.65 | 4.27 | 0.87 |
| Laid off due to COVID | 1.97 | 2.09 | −2.13 | 6.08 | 0.35 |
| Retired | −0.95 | 2.78 | −6.41 | 4.51 | 0.73 |
| Student | 1.82 | 1.00 | −0.15 | 3.79 | 0.07 |
| Other | −0.91 | 1.42 | −3.69 | 1.87 | 0.52 |
| Income Bracket | |||||
| 10,000 to 50,000 | 1.30 | 1.06 | −0.78 | 3.39 | 0.22 |
| 50,000 to 75,000 | 0.18 | 1.18 | −2.12 | 2.49 | 0.87 |
| 75,000 to 100,000 | 0.15 | 1.25 | −2.31 | 2.61 | 0.91 |
| 100,000 to 125,000 | −0.47 | 1.24 | −2.90 | 1.96 | 0.71 |
| 125,000 to 150,000 | −0.15 | 1.25 | −2.60 | 2.31 | 0.91 |
| 150,000 to 175,000 | 1.74 | 1.36 | −0.92 | 4.40 | 0.20 |
| 175,000 to 200,000 | 1.11 | 1.32 | −1.48 | 3.71 | 0.40 |
| Greater than 200,000 | 0.45 | 1.12 | −1.75 | 2.65 | 0.69 |
| Composites | |||||
| Personal Burden Composite | 0.66 | 0.41 | −0.15 | 1.47 | 0.11 |
| Personal Care Composite | −0.39 | 0.06 | −0.50 | −0.28 | 0.00 |
| Family or Friends with COVID | 0.60 | 0.55 | −0.48 | 1.68 | 0.28 |
| Hours of Daily Remote Work | −0.08 | 0.33 | −0.73 | 0.57 | 0.80 |
| Change in Work Expectations | −0.40 | 0.14 | −0.67 | −0.12 | 0.01 |
| Increase in personal care Composite | −1.32 | 0.52 | −2.35 | −0.30 | 0.01 |
| U.S. Regions | |||||
| Northeast | 0.45 | 0.97 | −1.46 | 2.36 | 0.64 |
| South | −0.92 | 0.87 | −2.62 | 0.79 | 0..29 |
| Midwest | −0.15 | 1.16 | −2.42 | 2.12 | 0.89 |
| West | −1.36 | 0.72 | −2.76 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Country (n > 30) | |||||
| Pakistan | −2.43 | 1.09 | −4.58 | −0.28 | 0.03 |
| Germany | −4.63 | 1.55 | −7.68 | −1.58 | 0.00 |
| Canada | 0.75 | 1.17 | −1.54 | 3.04 | 0.52 |
| India | 0.08 | 2.02 | −3.89 | 4.04 | 0.97 |
| Netherlands | −1.77 | 1.38 | −4.48 | 0.94 | 0.20 |
| Mexico | −2.75 | 1.42 | −5.48 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
| United Kingdom | −1.53 | 1.99 | −4.33 | 1.27 | 0.28 |
| China | −1.68 | 1.47 | −5.59 | 2.23 | 0.40 |
| Australia | −0.02 | 2.06 | −2.93 | 2.88 | 0.98 |
| Argentina | 2.35 | 2.86 | −1.69 | 6.41 | 0.25 |