Table 1.

A list of lncRNAs in brain injury.

Brain Injury	lncRNA	Targets	Function	Ref.
TBI	MALAT1	MAPK pathways	Beneficially regulates deficits in TBI models	[38]
	MEG3	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α	Upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of TBI patients	[39]
	p21		Microglial activation	[41]
	Gm4419	TNF-α	Astrocyte apoptosis	[42]
	HOTAIR	MYD88	Activates the microglia and regulates the inflammatory response molecule	[43]
Stroke	MALAT1		Contributes to the pathological process of ischemic stroke	[45]
	TUG1
	FosDT
	SNHG14
	ANRIL		Roles the negative correlation with the severity of ischemic stroke	[45,47]
	H19		Contributes to the pathological process of ischemic stroke and shows differences in specific allele	[45,49]
	N1LR	p53 and Nck1	Attenuates ischemic brain injury by inhibiting the apoptotic process and associates the pathological process of ischemic stroke	[45,50]
	C2dat1	CaMKIIδ	Modulates CaMKIIδ under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reperfusion via promoting NF-κB signaling and accounting for focal ischemia in vitro and in vivo	[45,51]
	GAS5	miR-137	Inhibits the protection of neurons and decreases cell viability through the Notch1 signaling	[52]
	MEG3		Participates in pathological process of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and enhances neuronal apoptosis via the suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway	[13,45]
Hypoxia	ENSRNOG 00000021987		Promote neuronal apoptosis induced hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) via increasing apoptosis-related genes and proteins	[74]
	BC088414	Casp6 and Adrb2	Reduces PC-12 cell apoptosis and increases proliferation via decreasing apoptosis-related gene	[75,76]
	GAS5	miR-23a	Protects against HIBD via modulating hippocampal neuron function	[77]
		miR-221/PUMA	Promotes the neuronal apoptosis under hypoxia	[14]
	SNHG1	miR-140-5p /Bcl-XL	Inhibits neuroblastoma cell viability and enhances cell apoptosis under hypoxia	[78]
	H19	miR-28/SP1	Protects from the hypoxia-induced injury in PC-12 cell via deactivating the PDK/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways	[80]
		miR-19/Id2	Promotes the hypoxic-ischemic neuronal apoptosis	[15]
	NEAT1	miR-339-5p /HOXA1	Attenuates HIBD progression via reducing neuronal cell apoptosis	[82]
	MALAT1	p38 MAPK pathway	Enhances the cell apoptosis and decreases cell viability under hypoxia in PC-12	[83]
	UCA1	miR-18a/SOX6	Prevents hypoxia injury following cerebral ischemia via promoting migration, invasion, and viability, and reducing apoptosis in PC-12	[84]
	TCONSA_ 00044595	miR-182/CLOCK	Relates to abnormal changes in the pineal gene upon HIBD	[85]
	MIAT	miR-211/GDNF	Suppresses hypoxic/ischemic injury in neonatal rat via inhibiting neurons apoptosis	[86]
	ROR	miR-135a-5p/ ROCK1/2	Promotes cerebral hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via increasing caspase-related apoptosis in PC-12	[89]