Table 1.
Chronological list of studies demonstrating protective and/or deleterious effect of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) alleles and HLA-related factors to BK viremia and/or risk for BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN).
| References | Factor | n | Clinical Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
|
HLA Class I Allele
(Classical) |
|||
| Bohl et al., 2005 [64] | Cw7 neg | 195 | In D; in R; in both D and R— ↑ BK viremia and BKVAN |
| Masutani et al., 2013 [18] | A2 pos B44 pos DR15 pos |
998 | In R—↓ BK viremia In R—↓ BK viremia In R—↓ BK viremia |
| Teutsch et al., 2015 [65] | A9 pos A2 pos A28/A68 pos |
329 | In D—↑ BKVAN In R—↑ BKVAN In R—↑ BK viremia |
| Gheith et al., 2015 [66] | Cw7 neg | 5 | In D; in R—↑ BK viremia |
| Dogan et al., 2017 [17] | A24 pos B55 pos |
183 | R and D matched—↑ BK viremia R and D matched—↑ BK viremia |
| Wunderink et al., 2018 [63] | B51 pos | 407 | In R—↓ BK viremia and BKVAN |
| Kovacevic Vojtusek et al., 2019 [67] | C*07 pos | 23 | In D—↓ BKVAN |
| El Husseini et al., 2019 [68] | HLA-A, -B, -C | No association | |
| Kavuzlu et al., 2020 [69] | DRB1*03 pos B*13 pos |
232 | In R—↑ BKV infection In R—↓ BKV infection |
| HLA Class II Allele | |||
| Roark et al., 2016 [70] | DQ5/DQ6 pos | 102 | In R—↓ BKV viremia In D—no association |
| Shah et al., 2016 [71] | DQ2/DQ3/DQ4 pos DQ5/DQ6 pos |
433 | In R—↑ BK viremia In R—↓ BK viremia |
|
HLA Class I Allele
(Non-Classical) |
|||
| Rohn et al., 2019 [72] |
HLA-E*01:01 pos HLA-E*01:01 homozygote |
278 | In R—↓ BKVAN In R—↓ BKVAN |
| Rohn et al., 2019 [73] | HLA-G 3’UTR-4 haplotype pos | 251 | In R and D— ↑ viremia and BKVAN |
| Tonnerre et al., 2016 [74] | MICA A5.1 pos | 144 | In D—↓ BKVAN D/R MM ↑ BKVAN |
| HLA MM | |||
| Hirsch et al., 2002 [75] | MM 3–6 | 78 | ↑ viremia and BKVAN |
| Awadalla et al., 2004 [76] | MM > 4 | 40 | ↑ BKVAN |
| Bohl et al., 2005 [64] | MM 0–6 | 195 | No association for BK viremia |
| Hässig et al., 2014 [16] | MM > 4 | 152 | ↑ BK viremia |
| Suleiman 2017 [77] | MM 0–2; 3–4 or 5–6 | 537 | No association for BK viremia |
| Favi et al., 2019 [78] | MM > 4 | 629 | ↑ BK viremia |
| El Husseini 2019 [68] | MM 0–2; 3–4 or 5–6 | 649 | No association for BK viremia |
| Kavuzlu et al., 2020 [69] | MM 0–6 | 232 | No association for BK viremia |
| cPRA | |||
| Awadalla 2004 [76] | cPRAneg; cPRA > 0% | 40 | No association |
| Borni-Duval et al., 2013 [79] | Cpra > 0% | 240 | ↑ BK viremia and BKVAN |
| Masutani et al., 2013 [18] | cPRAneg; cPRA > 0% | 998 | No association |
| Suleiman 2017 [77] | cPRAneg; cPRA > 0% | 537 | No association |
| El-Husseini 2019 [68] | cPRAneg; cPRA > 0% | 649 | No association |
| HLA DSA | |||
| Dieplinger et al., 2015 [80] | 174 | BK viremia associated with higher rate de novo DSA | |
| Sawinski et al., 2015 [81] | 785 | persistent BK viremia associated with class II de novo DSA | |
| Patel et al., 2016 [82] | 1019 | No association of de novo DSA and BK viremia | |
| Everly et al., 2017 [83] | 341 | BK viremia associated with higher rate of de novo DSA |
BKVAN—BK virus-associated nephropathy; cPRA—calculated panel reactive antibody; D-donor; DSA—donor-specific antibody; MM—mismatch; n—number of recipients/donors included in the study; neg—negative; R—recipient; pos—positive; ↑—increased risk for; ↓—decreased risk for.