Table 2.
Summary of the samples and protocols for all 72 included studies. Additional information can be found in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2.
| Study | Sample | Sensors | Protocol | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref | Author | Year | n | %F | Age | BMI | Range (±g) | Frequency (Hz) | # Sensors | Placement | Setting | Walk Length |
| [19] | Aminian | 1999 | 12H | 33 | 64.6 (8.6) | 27.9 (2) | ±5 | 60 | 2(b) | T | IL | 70 m |
| [20] | Aminian | 2004 | 19H | 63.8 (6.9) | 26.5 | 200 | 4(b) | TS | IL | 10 m | ||
| [21] | Andrade | 2017 | 24H | 65 (8.5) | ±16 | 50 | 2(b) | B | IL | 60 s | ||
| [22] | Auvinet | 1999 | 42HK | 47 | 67.4 (7.3) | 27.1 | 50 | 1(u) | B | OL | 40 m | |
| [23] | Barrois | 2016 | 48HK | 70.5 (12.2) | 27.5 (5.6) | ±16 | 100 | 4(b) | HBF | OL | 20 m | |
| [24] | Bolink | 2015 | 40HK | 53 | 64.7 (8.9) | 28.7 (6.1) | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 20 m | |
| [25] | Bolink | 2015 | 20K | 65 | 67.4 (7.7) | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 20 m | ||
| [26] | Bolink | 2016 | 36H | 50 | 63.9 (9.8) | 26.3 (3.5) | ±5 | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 20 m |
| [27] | Bolink | 2019 | 77H | 52 | 65 (11) | 27 (5) | ±5 | 100 | 1(u) | B | IL | 20 m |
| [28] | Bolink | 2012 | 20H | 65 | 67.4 (7.7) | ±5 | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 20 m | |
| [29] | Calliess | 2014 | 6K | 50 | 60.2 | 26.1 | 3(u) | BTS | IL | 100 m | ||
| [30] | Chen | 2016 | 14H | 79 | 57.2 | 25 | 50 | 2(b) | F | IL | 15 m | |
| [31] | Chopra | 2019 | 10A | 65.8 (8.9) | 27.6 (3) | 200 | 5 | SF | OL | 50 m | ||
| [32] | Chopra | 2017 | 24A | 200 | 6(b) | SF | OL | 50 m | ||||
| [33] | Chopra | 2014 | 24A | 46 | 64.6 (9) | 27.7 (4.7) | 5 | SF | OL | 50 m | ||
| [34] | Christiansen | 2015 | 24K | 54 | 65.2 (9.2) | 28.9 | ± 10 | 1000 | 2(b) | SF | OL | 6 m |
| [35] | Clermont | 2016 | 15K | 64.6 (6.8) | 30.6 (4) | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 600 s | ||
| [36] | De Brabandere | 2020 | 20H | 50 | 1(u) | T | IL | |||||
| [37] | De Vroey | 2018 | 16K | 64.1 (7.5) | 32.2 | 100 | 2(u) | SF | OL | 6 m | ||
| [38] | Fransen | 2019 | 65K | 54 | 65 | 30 | ±6 | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 50 m |
| [39] | Grip | 2019 | 15H | 0 | 51.8 (9) | 27.4 (3.2) | ±10 | 128 | 5(b) | BTS | OL | 9 m |
| [40] | Hafer | 2020 | 9K | 44 | 69.2 (4.5) | 26.2 | ±16 | 128 | 4(u) | BTSF | IL | 10 m |
| [41] | He | 2019 | 6K | 100 | 60.8 (1.1) | 27.4 (0.6) | 200 | 1(u) | F | IL | 10 m | |
| [42] | Hiyama | 2015 | 43K | 81 | 72 (6.6) | 25.9 (3.3) | 500 | 1(u) | F | IL | 10 m | |
| [43] | Hiyama | 2020 | 27K | 85 | 71 (6) | 25.9 (3) | 500 | 2(u) | BF | IL | 10 m | |
| [44] | Iijima | 2019 | 131K | 72 | 74.2 (5.8) | 21.7 (2.5) | 200 | 1(u) | B | IL | 20 m | |
| [45] | Ishii | 2020 | 44K | 50 | 68.9 (9.3) | 25.1 (3.1) | 100 | 2(u) | SF | IL | 20 m | |
| [46] | Ismailidis | 2020 | 23K | 48 | 66.1 (8.9) | 28.1 (3.8) | 7(b) | BTSF | IL | 20 m | ||
| [47] | Item-Glatthorn | 2012 | 26H | 0 | 54 (9) | 27.1 | 32 | 5 | BTSF | IL | ||
| [48] | Khan | 2013 | 38K | 42 | ± 2 | 100 | 1(u) | SF | IL | |||
| [49] | Kluge | 2018 | 24K | 67 | 64 (11) | 31.3 (6.8) | ±8 | 102.4 | 2(b) | F | IL | 40 m |
| [50] | Kobsar | 2018 | 8K | 50 | 58 (5) | 25.3 (4.8) | ±16 | 100 | 4(u) | BTSF | IL | 150 s |
| [51] | Kobsar | 2017 | 39K | 59 (8) | 26.6 (3.8) | ±16 | 100 | 4(u) | BTSF | IL | 60 s | |
| [52] | Kobsar | 2016 | 10K | 40 | 57 (8) | 26 (4.5) | ±16 | 100 | 4(u) | BTSF | IL | 60 s |
| [53] | Kwasnicki | 2015 | 14K | 57 | 69.3 (4.6) | 29.2 (2.8) | ±3 | 50 | 1(u) | H | OL | |
| [54] | L’Hermette | 2008 | 5H | 0 | 72.3 (9.5) | 100 | 1(u) | B | IL | 50 m | ||
| [55] | Liikavainio | 2010 | 54K | 0 | 59 (5.3) | 29.7 (4.7) | ±10 | 1000 | 3 | TS | IL/OL | 10 m |
| [56] | Lyytinen | 2016 | 9K | 0 | 62.7 (5.1) | 27 (4.2) | 1000 | 1(u) | S | OL | 15 m | |
| [57] | Mariani | 2013 | 34A | 24 | 63.8 (17) | 28.1 | 200 | 1(u) | F | OL | 50 m | |
| [58] | Mccarthy | 2013 | 23K | 61 | 65.1 (7.7) | 28.7 (3.7) | 102.4 | 4(b) | TS | OL | 20 m | |
| [59] | Na | 2019 | 26K | 62 | 66 (6.1) | 30.6 (5.6) | 100 | 5(b) | BTS | IL | 50 m | |
| [60] | Na | 2020 | 26K | 62 | 65.9 (6.1) | 30.5 (5.6) | 5(b) | BTS | IL | 10 m | ||
| [61] | Nelms | 2020 | 69H | 47 | 61.2 (8.1) | 26.8 (4.9) | 1(u) | B | IL | 14 m | ||
| [62] | Odonkor | 2020 | 10K | 60 | 63.9 (8.1) | 33.2 (8.4) | 102.4 | 2(b) | F | IL | 6 m | |
| [63] | Oka | 2019 | 41K | 100 | 72.3 (7.1) | 26 (3.9) | 200 | 2(b) | HB | IL | 20 m | |
| [64] | Rahman | 2015 | 45K | 57 | 66.9 (10.7) | 29.9 (4.7) | 5(b) | TS | OL | 20 m | ||
| [65] | Rapp | 2015 | 29H | 48 | 67.8 (6.3) | 24.9 (4.9) | 100 | 1(u) | B | IL | 20.3 m | |
| [66] | Reh | 2019 | 20H | 20 | 63 (8.6) | 27.5 | 60 | 7(u) | BTSF | IL | 20 min | |
| [67] | Reininga | 2011 | 15H | 61 (9) | 25.6 | 100 | 2(b) | HB | IL/OL | 33 m | ||
| [68] | Reininga | 2012 | 60H | 75 | 59.7 (8.7) | 26.6 | 100 | 2(u) | HB | OL | 25 m | |
| [69] | Rouhani | 2012 | 35A | 26 | 63.5 (18.6) | 28.1 | 200 | 4(u) | SF | OL | 50 m | |
| [70] | Rouhani | 2014 | 12A | 33 | 58 (13) | 28.4 | 200 | 4(u) | SF | OL | 100 m | |
| [71] | Rouhani | 2012 | 15A | 26 | 53.3 | 28 | 200 | 3 | SF | OL | 100 m | |
| [72] | Saida | 2020 | 18K | 67 | 72 (9) | 25.9 (2) | 100 | 3(u) | BS | IL | 10 m | |
| [73] | Samani | 2020 | 19K | 47 | 66.2 (5.2) | 28.1 (2.7) | 2000 | 8(u) | TS | IL | 40 m | |
| [74] | Senden | 2011 | 24K | 54 | 70 (8) | 27.3 (4) | 100 | 1(u) | B | OL | 20 m | |
| [75] | Staab | 2014 | 12K | 17 | 44.4 (7.6) | 26.9 (3.2) | ±2 | 1000 | 3(b) | BS | IL | 500 m |
| [76] | Suh | 2019 | 195K | 84 | 72.6 (6.1) | 26 (3.1) | 1(u) | B | OL | 8 m | ||
| [77] | Sun | 2017 | 23K | 69.9 (6.6) | 26.6 (3) | 32 | 7(b) | BTSF | IL/OL | 16 m | ||
| [78] | Tadano | 2016 | 10K | 68.7 (4.1) | 23.5 (2.5) | ±4 | 100 | 7(b) | BTSF | IL | 7 m | |
| [79] | Tanimoto | 2017 | 12K | 83 | 73 | 23.4 (2.5) | ±2 | 100 | 1(u) | S | IL | 600 s |
| [80] | Teufl | 2019 | 20H | 65 | 56.9 (8.2) | 27.4 | 60 | 5(b) | BTSF | IL | 7 m/600 s | |
| [81] | Turcot | 2008 | 9K | 67 | 63.4 (4.6) | 32.2 | ±5 | 120 | 4(b) | TS | IL | |
| [82] | Turcot | 2008 | 25K | 76 | 63.9 (7.6) | 31.6 | ± 5 | 120 | 4(b) | TS | IL | |
| [83] | van den Noort | 2013 | 14K | 79 | 61 (9.2) | 30.4 | 50 | 8(b) | TSF | IL | 10 m | |
| [84] | van Hemert | 2009 | 53K | 71.9 (8.3) | 28.3 (3.9) | 6(u) | BTS | IL | 20 m | |||
| [85] | Wada | 2019 | 23H | 100 | 61 (7.1) | 23 (3.2) | 500 | 2(u) | BF | IL | 10 m | |
| [86] | Wang | 2020 | 78K | 57 | 59.7 (7.1) | 23 (3.8) | ±4 | 100 | 2(b) | S | IL | 20 m |
| [87] | Youn | 2018 | 18K | 50 | 66.5 (7.7) | 29.5 (4.9) | 200 | 2(b) | S | IL | 6 m | |
| [88] | Zhang | 2016 | 12K | 58 | 65.3 (8) | 26.6 (3.5) | 7(b) | BTF | IL | 40 m | ||
| [89] | Zijlstra | 2008 | 4K | 50 | 100 | 2(u) | B | IL | 30 m | |||
| [90] | Zügner | 2019 | 49H | 49 | 73 | 28.7 | 102.4 | 6(b) | BTS | IL | ||
Abbreviations—(i) sample: H = hip, K = knee, A = ankle, %F = percent female; (ii) placement: H = head, B = back/pelvis/torso, T = thigh, S = shank, F = foot; (iii) setting: IL = in laboratory, OL = outside laboratory. “# Sensors” refers to “Number of Sensors”.