Table 1.

The table describes ECBs that utilized MNPs with various sizes and shapes along with various conducting nanomaterials (CNMs) for biomolecule sensing. The biorecognition components, biointeraction process, and EATs used in these ECBs are also mentioned.

Transducer	Biorecognition Component	MNP	MNP Size	MNP Shape	Biointeraction and EAT	Analyte	References
Ab-N,S-GQDs@AuNP–PANI	anti-HEV antibody	AuNP	6–14 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity immunosensor, pulse impedance	HEV	[4]
AuNP/SWCNTs/PDA/gold electrode	probe DNA	AuNP	15 nm	oval	Bioaffinity aptasensor, LSV	target DNA	[23]
HRP@PGA-C/AgNP	HRP	AgNP	5–8 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	H2O2	[26]
PtNPs/MWCNT/PEDOT	glutamate oxidase	PtNP	~12–20 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	Glutamate	[27]
PtNP/GR/SPCE	ortho-phenylenediamine	PtNP	400 nm	urchin	Non-enzymatic Biocatalytic, CV	Cotinine	[28]
AuNPs–CS/GR/CPE	single-stranded DNA Aptamer	AuNP	10–20 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity aptasensor, DPV	Activated protein C	[29]
Au/AuNP–avidin-HRP	avidin-HRP	AuNP	40 nm	nanowall	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	DNA Methylation	[39]
MWCNT–AuNPs/GCE	E-cadherin antibody–QD	AuNP	5 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity immunosensor, DPV	Epithelial-mesenchymal transition	[41]
Cu–nanoflower@AuNPs–GO NFs coated Au chip	GOx–HRP–Cu nanoflower	AuNP	20 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	Glucose	[44]
PB–CS–AuNPs/SPCE	HRP-labeled histamine antibody	AuNP	~50 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity immunosensor, amperometry	HA	[105]
DMF–EC/AuNPs/HRP	HRP	AuNP	~20–30 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	H2O2	[62]
BSA/anti-A(1–42)/AuNPs/MPA/Au	monoclonal antibody mAb DE2B4	AuNP	~30 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity immunosensor, SWV	amyloid beta 1–42	[70]
ds-ATPA/TBA on AuNPs–MoS2/GCE	ds-ATPA and TBA	AuNP	10 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity aptasensor, SWV	ATP and Thrombin	[85]
AgNPs@GQDs/CS/GCE	GOx	AgNP	40 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, CV and amperometry	Glucose	[155]
GOx/PtNP@SnS2/Nafion/GCE	GOx	PtNP	~20–40 nm	spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, amperometry	Glucose	[168]
XO/AuNP/PtNP/MWCNT/GCPE	Xanthine oxidase	AuNP PtNP	50 nm 5 nm	Spherical spherical	Enzyme-based Biocatalytic, CV	xanthine	[169]
AgNPs–Aβ/PrP95–110/GE	peptide	AgNP	~15 nm	spherical	Bioaffinity aptasensor, LSV	beta-amyloid	[170]

HEV: Hepatitis E virus; GQD: graphene quantum dot; PANI: polyaniline; PDA: poly dopamine; PEDOT: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; CS: chitosan; DMF: dimethylformamide; PB: prussian blue; BSA: bovine serum; MPA: 3-mercaptopropionic acid; ATPA: ATP aptamer; XO: Xanthine oxidase.