Table 2.

Regulators of EV biogenesis/release and uptake from cells.

Mechanisms of Action	Drugs	Effect	Block	References
EV trafficking/EV release	Calpeptin MDL28170	Inhibits calpain, cleavage of cortactin, and MVB formation	EV biogenesis/release	[229,231]
	Manumycin	Blocks farnesyl transferase, hinders Ras from binding to plasma membrane, prevents budding from plasma membrane, stimulates n-SMase 2 activity	EV release	[232,233]
	Tipifarnib	Inhibits the activity of farnesyltransferase	EV release	[220]
	Y27632	Inhibits Rho-associated kinase ROCK1 and ROCK2	EV release	[234]
	Neticonazole	Decreases Alix, Rab27a, and nSMase2	EV release	[220,221]
Lipid metabolism/EV release	GW4869	Inhibits nSMase 2 and subsequent incorporation of ceramide into EVs	EV release	[235,236]
	Cambinol	Inhibits nSMase2	EV release	[237]
	Imipramine	Promotes the degradation of aSMase that later detaches from the plasma membrane	EV (i.e., MV) release	[219,238]
	Pantethine	Inhibits fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis to block MV biogenesis	EV (i.e., MV) biogenesis	[239,240]
EV uptake	Dynasore	Blocks Dynamin-2-mediated clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis	EV uptake	[222]
	Annexin V Diannexin	Blocks EV ligand (e.g., phosphatidylserine EV surface)	EV uptake	[223,241]
	Cytochalasin B Cytochalasin D	Blocks actin polymerization and endocytosis	EV uptake	[224,225]
	Filipin Simvastatin	Blocks EV uptake via lipid raft-mediated endocytosis	EV uptake	[222]
	PPIs	Alters pH and blocks EV uptake via membrane fusion	EV uptake	[222,226]