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Functional scheme of how lymph is drained and propelled. Extrinsic forces and/or intrinsic rhythmic contractions generate transmural pressure gradients (ΔPTM) across the wall of initial lymphatic capillaries and intraluminal pressure gradients (ΔPLymph) between adjacent lymphangions. Intraluminal valve leaflets are devoid of LM. (Pin) interstitial hydraulic pressure; (PL) intraluminal hydraulic pressure; (EC) lymphatic endothelial cells; (LM) lymphatic muscle cells.
