Table 1.
Overview of the hematological malignancy-derived EVs as potential biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets on the basis of their content.
| Hematological Malignancies | EV Content | Biomarker Use | Therapeutic Targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AML | NPM1, FLT3-ITD mRNAs | Prognosis | yes | [31] |
| MCL-1, BCL-2, BCL-XL | Drug resistance | yes | [32] | |
| CXCR4, IGF-IR mRNAs | No | yes | [31] | |
| CD33, CD34, CD117 | Diagnosis | NI | [34] | |
| TGFβ1 | Diagnosis, drug resistance | yes | [34] | |
| CD13 | Disease progression | NI | [36] | |
| let-7a, miR-99b, miR-146a, miR-191, miR-1246, miR-10b | Diagnosis, Prognosis | yes | [41,42] | |
| miR-155 | Diagnosis, prognosis, drug resistance | yes | [40,42,44,45] | |
| CML | BCR/ABL mRNA | Diagnosis | yes | [47,48] |
| TGFβ1 | Prognosis | yes | [49] | |
| miR-92a | No | yes | [52] | |
| ↓ miR-215 | UMRD upon imatinib discontinuation | No | [53] | |
| CLL | CD5, CD31, CD44, CD55, CD62L, CD82, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DR | Diagnosis | NI | [58] |
| CD19, CD37 | Disease progression | yes | [59] | |
| CD52 | Disease progression, drug resistance | no | [60] | |
| CLL | miR-150, miR-155 | Diagnosis, Prognosis | yes | [61,62] |
| CCL3/4, EGR1/2/3, c-Myc | Drug resistance | yes | [57] | |
| miR-19b | Diagnosis of RS, multidrug therapy resistance | yes | [63] | |
| MM | ↓ miR-15a ↓ miR-16 | Prognosis, Drug resistance | no | [65,67,73,74] |
| LNC00461 | NI | yes | [69] | |
| miR-146a | NI | yes | [70] | |
| Let-7b, miR-18a | Diagnosis, Prognosis | yes | [72] | |
| CD38, CD138, CD44 | Prognosis, Disease progression | yes | [36,75,76] | |
| MHC-1, β2-MG | Diagnosis | yes | [76] | |
| CD46, CD26, ↓ CD31,↓ CD106 | GVHD | NI | [79] | |
| CD138-P-gp+CD34+ | Multidrug resistance | NI | [80] | |
| NHL | CD19, CD20 | Diagnosis, Prognosis, Disease progression antibody-therapy resistance | yes | [36,82] |
| HL | CD30 | Diagnosis, Prognosis | yes | [81] |
| ADAM10 | Antibody-therapy resistance | yes | [85] | |
| miR-21, miR-155, miR-24-3p, miR-127-3p, let-7a-5 | Prognosis, Disease progression | yes | [86] | |
| DLBCL | miR-99a-5p, miR-125b-5p | Prognosis, Drug resistance | NI | [87] |
| c-Myc, BCL-6 mRNAs | Prognosis, Drug resistance | yes | [88] | |
| WM | miR-192, miR-320b ↓ let-7d | Diagnosis, Disease progression | NI | [89] |
Abbreviations: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML); Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL); Multiple Myeloma (MM); Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL); Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL); Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL); Richter Syndrome (RS); Undetectable Minimal Residual Disease (UMRD); Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM); Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD); ↓ (low levels); Not Identified (NI).