| nsp1, nsp3 |
Inhibition of IFN signaling and blocking of host’s innate immune response by promotion of cellular degradation and blockage of translation of host’s RNA. |
| nsp2 |
Binding to prohibition protein. |
| nsp3 |
Papain-like protease domain, it promotes cytokine expression and cleavage of viral polyprotein. |
| nsp4, nsp6 |
Contribution to structure of DNA methylation valleys (DMVs) as transmembrane scaffold protein (DMVs formation). |
| nsps5 |
3C-like protease domain. |
| nsp7, nsp8 |
Processivity clamp for RNA polymerase by arms hexadecameric complex; nsp 8 has adenylyltransferase activity. |
| nsp9 |
RNA binding protein phosphatase. |
| nsps12 |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |
| nsp10, nsp16, nsp14 |
Stimulation of ExoN and 2-O-MT activity. |
| nsp13 |
RNA helicase, 5′ triphosphatase. |
| nsp14 |
Proofreading of viral genome. |
| S protein |
Forms homotrimers that protrude in the viral surface and facilitate binding of envelope viruses to host cells by attraction with ACE2 that is expressed in lower respiratory tract cells. This glycoprotein is cleaved by the host cell furin-like protease into two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 is responsible for the determination of the host virus range and cellular tropism with the receptor binding domain make-up, while S2 mediates virus fusion in transmitting host cells. |
| N protein |
Structural component localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi region that structurally is bound to the nucleic acid material of the virus. The protein is bound to RNA, so the protein is involved in processes related to the viral genome, the viral replication cycle, and the cellular response of host cells to viral infections. N protein is also heavily phosphorylated and it is suggested that its presence leads to structural changes that enhance the affinity for viral RNA. |
| M protein |
The most tightly structured protein, it plays a role in the determination of the shape of the virus envelope. This protein can bind to all other structural proteins. Binding with M protein helps to stabilize nucleocapsids or N proteins and promotes completion of viral assembly by stabilizing N protein-RNA complex, inside the internal virion. |
| E protein |
The smallest of the major structural proteins. It plays a role in the production and maturation of this virus. |
