Table 3.
ORs (95% CI) for Secondary Outcomes Associated with Particulate Matter Exposures
| Arrhythmias | Exposure | Models | Exposure Duration | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12‐mo | 36‐mo | 60‐mo | |||
| Atrial Fibrillation | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.04 (0.63, 1.74) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.79) | 1.33 (0.66, 2.67) |
| Model 2 | 1.04 (0.62, 1.74) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.80) | 1.34 (0.67, 2.70) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 1.50 (0.64, 3.52) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.84) | ||
| Model 2 | 1.51 (0.66, 3.49) | 0.94 (0.48, 1.84) | |||
| Bradycardia | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | 1.22 (1.13, 1.32) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) |
| Model 2 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 1.22 (1.06, 1.40) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) | ||
| Model 2 | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) | |||
| Premature Ventricular Contraction | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) |
| Model 2 | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.16) | ||
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.16) | |||
| Premature Atrial Contraction | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.31 (1.03, 1.65) | 1.33 (1.05, 1.69) | 1.38 (1.06, 1.79) |
| Model 2 | 1.31 (1.03, 1.66) | 1.34 (1.05, 1.70) | 1.39 (1.07, 1.80) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 1.09 (0.63, 1.88) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.74) | ||
| Model 2 | 1.09 (0.63, 1.87) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.74) | |||
| RBBB | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) |
| Model 2 | 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 1.74 (1.46, 2.08) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.44) | ||
| Model 2 | 1.70 (1.42, 2.04) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | |||
| Tachycardia | PM10 | Model 1 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.43) |
| Model 2 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 0.90 (0.60, 1.34) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.50) | ||
| Model 2 | 0.90 (0.60, 1.34) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.55) | |||
| Other | PM10 | Model 1 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 1.22 (1.04, 1.42) |
| Model 2 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.32) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43) | ||
| PM2.5 | Model 1 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | ||
| Model 2 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | |||
Model 1. Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (men or women), study center (Seoul or Suwon), year of visit (continuous), and education level (no education, elementary school, middle school, high school, technical college, university, or more). Model 2. Additionally, systolic blood pressure (continuous), smoking status (never, current, former), height (continuous), weight (continuous), alcohol consumption (none, moderate, or excessive), physical activity (none, <3 times per week, or ≥3 times per week), and history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no) and history of hypertension (yes or no). PM10 indicates particulate matter of <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5, particulate matter of <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; and RBBB, right bundle branch block.