Figure 2. Hazard ratios for all‐cause death in the entire cohort, never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers according to the serum GDF‐15 level at baseline.

Values are for 1 SD increase. The data were adjusted for the following variables: model‐1, age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and current smoking; model‐2, the variables in model‐1 plus estimated glomerular filtration rate, the Gensini score, previous myocardial infarction, previous stroke, previous heart failure hospitalization, malignancies, anemia, antihypertensive drug use, statin use, and aspirin use; model‐3, the variables in model‐2 plus N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide, contemporary sensitive cardiac troponin‐I, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. The biomarkers were modeled as continuous variables. GDF‐15 indicates growth differentiation factor 15; and HR, hazard ratio.