Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Incidence of Events According to Smoking Status
| Baseline Characteristics and Incidence of Events |
Never Smokers (N=955) |
Former Smokers (N=1035) |
Current Smokers (N=428) |
P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71.5 (10.8) | 71.8 (9.0) | 65.6 (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Male | 371 (38.9) | 890 (86.0) | 363 (84.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 24.1 (4.1) | 24.3 (3.6) | 24.4 (4.1) | 0.365 |
| Obesity† | 365 (38.2) | 395 (38.2) | 176 (41.1) | 0.528 |
| Hypertension | 704 (73.7) | 816 (78.8) | 323 (75.5) | 0.025 |
| Dyslipidemia | 563 (59.0) | 655 (63.3) | 248 (57.9) | 0.065 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 389 (40.7) | 492 (47.5) | 206 (48.1) | 0.003 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 63 (22) | 62 (22) | 67 (23) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease‡ | 397 (41.6) | 449 (43.4) | 153 (35.8) | 0.026 |
| Gensini score, median (IQR)§ | 8.5 (1.0–29.0) | 14.5 (4.0–41.5) | 14.5 (2.0–37.9) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive coronary artery disease | 490 (51.3) | 656 (63.4) | 246 (57.5) | <0.001 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 98 (10.3) | 195 (18.8) | 61 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Previous stroke | 116 (12.2) | 173 (16.7) | 64 (15.0) | 0.015 |
| Previous heart failure hospitalization | 113 (11.8) | 104 (10.1) | 36 (8.4) | 0.134 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 117 (12.3) | 104 (10.1) | 40 (9.4) | 0.162 |
| Malignancies | 68 (7.1) | 122 (11.8) | 36 (8.4) | 0.001 |
| Anemia ‖ | 365 (38.2) | 378 (36.5) | 139 (32.5) | 0.122 |
| Antihypertensive drug use | 779 (81.6) | 838 (81.0) | 350 (81.8) | 0.913 |
| Statin use | 480 (50.3) | 531 (51.3) | 211 (49.3) | 0.765 |
| Aspirin use | 488 (51.1) | 624 (60.3) | 228 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 194 (79–776) | 190 (67–691) | 228 (73–891) | 0.177 |
| cTnI, median (IQR), pg/mL | 0.0 (0.0–9.0) | 0.0 (0.0–11.0) | 0.0 (0.0–15.8) | 0.001 |
| hs‐CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 0.8 (0.3–2.6) | 0.9 (0.3–2.8) | 1.5 (0.4–4.8) | <0.001 |
| GDF‐15, median (IQR), pg/mL | 1231 (838–1928) | 1373 (983–1981) | 1370 (927–2096) | <0.001 |
| Incidence of events, no. (/1000 person‐y) | ||||
| All‐cause death | 86 (31.4) | 120 (41.1) | 48 (39.5) | … |
| Cardiovascular death | 24 (8.8) | 47 (16.1) | 17 (14.0) | … |
| Myocardial infarction | 5 (1.8) | 10 (3.4) | 6 (5.0) | … |
| Stroke | 24 (8.8) | 31 (10.8) | 14 (11.7) | … |
| First MACE¶ | 50 (18.5) | 80 (27.9) | 35 (29.4) | … |
Values are expressed as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. cTnI indicates contemporary sensitive cardiac troponin‐I; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor 15; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IQR, interquartile range; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; and NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide.
The P value represents a comparison of the differences between groups, and is based on the χ2 test of independence for categorical variables, and the analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis for continuous variables.
Obesity is defined as a body mass index of ≥25.
Chronic kidney disease is defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
The Gensini score represents the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease using a nonlinear points system for degree of luminal narrowing.
Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level of <13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women.
MACE is defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke.