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. 2020 Dec 9;12(12):2936. doi: 10.3390/polym12122936

Table 1.

Summary of photo-crosslinking conditions of silk fibroin and other proteins.

Proteins Crosslinking
Sites
Solution/Ink
(mg/mL)
Photoinitiators Light Source Exposure Distance Exposure Time Refs
Silk fibroin Tyrosine
(~5.3 mol%) a
75
(+100 Resilin)
Ru(II), 5 mM
APS, 28 mM
250 W white N/A 120 + 60 s
(Two sides)
[59]
~300 Ru (II), 0.16–10 mM
APS, 20, 28, 100 mM
250 W white N/A 120 + 60 s
(Two sides)
[58]
~20 Ru(II), 0.5 mM
APS, 5 mM
400–450 nm
30 mW/cm2
N/A 3 min [51]
10–50 Riboflavin (0.1 mM) HRP (10 U/mL) 365 nm
300 W/m2
N/A 30 min [79]
50 Riboflavin 5′-monophosphate,
2 mM
450 nm
(×3 leds)
18.7 mW/cm2
N/A ~60 min [54]
Methacryloyl 100–300 LAP, 0.2% 365 nm
30 mW/cm2
N/A N/A [49]
100–300 LAP, 0.2% 365 nm
3.5 mW/cm2
N/A ~5 s
(each layer)
[80]
100–300 LAP, 0.6% 365 nm N/A ~5 s
(each layer)
[81]
Gelatin/Collage Tyrosine
(~0.9%) a
10, Gel-MA/
0.6, Collagen
Ru(II), 0.2–2 mM
APS, 2–20 mM
400–450 nm
3–100 mW/cm2
N/A 15 min [82]
100–175, gelatin Ru(II), 1 mM
SPS, 20 mM
600 W white 150 mm 30 s [65]
Fibrin Tyrosine
(4.9%, β-chain;
5.6%, γ-chain;
0.65%, α-chain)
3 Ru(II), 2 mM
SPS, 43 mM
458 nm
28 mW/cm2
30 mm 10 s [67]
100, 150 Ru(II), 2 mM
SPS, 20 mM
600 W white 150 mm 20 s [69]
GB1-resilin polyprotein Tyrosine
(~6%) a
200 Ru(II), 0.2 mM
APS, 50 mM
200 W white N/A 30 s [64]
Rec1-resilin Tyrosine
(~6%) a
200 Ru(II), 0.2–2 mM
APS, 10 mM
600 W white 150 mm 20 s [62]
Mussel adhesive proteins Tyrosine
(~20%) a
100–300 Ru(II), 2 mM
SPS, 10–30 mM
460 nm
1200 mW/cm2
20 mm 60 s [83]

Ru(II), tris(2,2-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate; LAP, lithium phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate; SPS, sodium persulfate; APS, ammonia persulfate; Gel-MA, methacryloyl gelatin; HA, hyaluronic acid; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; N/A, not applicable; a molar ratio of amino acid residues.