Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With HFpEF With or Without Resistant Hypertension*
| Resistant Hypertension (+) | Resistant Hypertension (−) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Spironolactone | P Value | Placebo | Spironolactone | P Value | |
| n=499 | n=505 | n=1221 | n=1216 | |||
| Age, y | ||||||
| Median (interquartile range) | 69 (61–75) | 69 (61–76) | 0.43 | 69 (61–76) | 69 (61–76) | 0.68 |
| Female sex, % | 50.9 | 52.9 | 0.53 | 51.8 | 51.1 | 0.73 |
| Race and ethnicity, % | 0.56 | 0.54 | ||||
| White | 83.3 | 84.7 | 91.2 | 89.9 | ||
| Black | 14.1 | 12.1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | ||
| Asian | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||
| Others | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.2 | ||
| Region of enrollment, % | 0.71 | 0.91 | ||||
| United States | 38.3 | 34.5 | 31.7 | 32.7 | ||
| Russia | 24.1 | 26.1 | 34.1 | 32.6 | ||
| Georgia | 19.0 | 20.4 | 17.2 | 16.8 | ||
| Canada | 11.2 | 12.9 | 8.5 | 8.3 | ||
| Brazil | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 5.0 | ||
| Argentina | 1.8 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 4.6 | ||
| Current smoking, % | 9.6 | 8.1 | 0.40 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 0.97 |
| Alcohol drinks/wk, % | 0.32 | 0.71 | ||||
| 0 | 78.9 | 79.8 | 76.6 | 78.2 | ||
| 1–5 | 16.1 | 17.2 | 17.8 | 16.1 | ||
| 6–10 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 4.1 | ||
| 11– | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | ||
| NYHA functional classification, % | 0.97 | 0.59 | ||||
| I/II | 64.9 | 65.0 | 68.3 | 67.3 | ||
| III/IV | 35.1 | 35.0 | 31.7 | 32.7 | ||
| Body mass index † , kg/m2, % | 0.98 | 0.42 | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 12.6 | 14.4 | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 25.9 | 26.2 | 35.1 | 33.1 | ||
| ≥30.0 | 63.8 | 64.2 | 51.6 | 52.1 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 40.7 | 42.8 | 0.50 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 0.99 |
| Hypertension, % | 100 | 100 | … | 88.5 | 87.3 | 0.36 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 69.5 | 70.3 | 0.79 | 68.0 | 65.1 | 0.12 |
| History of cardiovascular events, % | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 26.3 | 24.8 | 0.58 | 26.1 | 26.2 | 0.92 |
| Angina pectoris | 50.9 | 47.5 | 0.28 | 47.2 | 44.7 | 0.20 |
| Stroke | 9.4 | 9.7 | 0.87 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 0.39 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 11.2 | 10.7 | 0.78 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 0.12 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 28.1 | 33.5 | 0.06 | 38.0 | 36.3 | 0.39 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 14.6 | 15.5 | 0.71 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 0.62 |
| CABG surgery | 13.6 | 12.9 | 0.72 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 0.92 |
| Implanted cardioverter defibrillator | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.46 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.30 |
| Pacemaker | 6.8 | 5.4 | 0.33 | 8.0 | 9.1 | 0.29 |
| COPD, % | 14.8 | 13.5 | 0.53 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 0.18 |
| Asthma, % | 8.4 | 7.3 | 0.52 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 0.88 |
| Medications, % | ||||||
| ACEIs/ARBs | 98.0 | 97.8 | 0.84 | 78.5 | 78.8 | 0.88 |
| Calcium‐channel blockers | 87.0 | 84.6 | 0.27 | 19.3 | 16.3 | 0.06 |
| Diuretics | 99.0 | 98.6 | 0.57 | 75.5 | 74.2 | 0.44 |
| Beta blockers | 77.4 | 76.0 | 0.62 | 77.3 | 79.1 | 0.28 |
| Other antihypertensive medications | 32.7 | 36.4 | 0.20 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 0.50 |
| Aspirin | 72.6 | 67.7 | 0.09 | 62.7 | 64.1 | 0.47 |
| Statin | 54.1 | 57.4 | 0.37 | 51.2 | 51.0 | 0.92 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 66.0 (19.2) | 66.0 (20.1) | 0.99 | 68.2 (20.6) | 68.5 (20.1) | 0.64 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135.0 (13.9) | 133.4 (12.6) | 0.06 | 127.1 (13.7) | 127.2 (13.8) | 0.93 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76.4 (11.7) | 76.3 (10.8) | 0.87 | 75.5 (10.5) | 75.6 (10.3) | 0.75 |
| <130/80 mm Hg, % | 19.5 | 19.8 | 0.89 | 33.6 | 34.1 | 0.80 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 68.3 (10.3) | 67.5 (11.0) | 0.23 | 69.5 (10.1) | 69.5 (10.7) | 0.96 |
ACEIs indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; and NYHA, New York Heart Association.
a
Data are presented as number of participants, percent, or mean (standard deviation).
b
Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.