Figure 2.

The blood–tumor barrier (BTB) is characterized by increased cytokine and VEGF signaling from the tumor, which may lead to decreased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins like claudin-5. Alterations in pericyte phenotype and disruption of astrocytic associations with endothelial cells may contribute to decreased barrier integrity. However, this is not a uniform phenomenon within or among tumors, and the expression of efflux transporters limits drug permeation into the tumor. Evidence exists showing decreased permeability of the BTB in regions distant to the core of the tumor, which more closely resemble “unaffected” brain.