Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline (n = 53, n = 7 missing).
| Exposure Program (n = 25) |
Care as Usual (n = 28) |
Total (n = 53) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) − mean (SD) | 15.9 (1.99) | 16.2 (1.79) | 16.0 (1.87) |
| Sex (female) − n (%) | 24 (96) | 25 (89) | 49 (92) |
| Relative with pain complaints − n (% *) | 13 (62) (4 missing) | 15 (60) (3 missing) | 28 (61) |
| Other health issues − n (% *) | 8 (38) (4 missing) | 11 (44) (3 missing) | 19 (41) |
| Onset of current pain complaints − n (% *) | (4 missing) | (4 missing) | (8 missing) |
| <1 year ago | 5 (24) | 12 (50) | 17 (38) |
| 1–5 years ago | 14 (67) | 11 (46) | 25 (56) |
| >5 years ago | 2 (10) | 1 (4) | 3 (7) |
| Problems with sleep − n (%) | 14 (67) (4 missing) | 17 (68) (3 missing) | 31 (67) (7 missing) |
| Education − n (% *) | (3 missing) | (3 missing) | (6 missing) |
| Low | 11 (50) | 16 (64) | 27 (58) |
| Middle | 5 (23) | 6 (24) | 11 (23) |
| High | 6 (27) | 3 (12) | 9 (19) |
| Absence at school in the past year − n (% *) | (3 missing) | (3 missing) | (6 missing) |
| 0–14 days | 14 (64) | 15 (60) | 29 (62) |
| 15–30 days | 3 (14) | 1 (4) | 4 (9) |
| 1–3 months | 2 (9) | 6 (24) | 8 (17) |
| 4–6 months | 2 (9) | 1 (4) | 3 (6) |
| 7–12 months | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 3 (6) |
| FDI (scored 0–60) − mean (SD) | 24.7 (10.3) | 23.1 (8.1) | 23.8 (9.1) |
| QLA-CP (scored 0–3) − mean (SD) | |||
| Domain Psychological Functioning | 1.57 (0.47) | 1.67 (0.51) | 1.62 (0.49) |
| Domain Functional Status | 1.74 (0.53) | 1.86 (0.44) | 1.80 (0.48) |
| Domain Physical Status | 1.81 (0.63) | 1.76 (0.64) | 1.78 (0.63) |
| Domain Social Functioning | 1.72 (0.60) | 1.81 (0.59) | 1.77 (0.59) |
| FOPQ (scored 0–96) − mean (SD) | 40.1 (16.7) | 38.7 (13.7) | 39.3 (15.0) |
| PCS-C (scored 0–52) − mean (SD) | 22.1 (11.0) | 20.3 (9.5) | 21.1 (10.2) |
| CDI (scored 0–54) − mean (SD) | 26.1 (2.55) | 25.7 (2.53) | 25.9 (2.51) |
| VAS (0–100) − mean (SD) | 53 (14) | 55 (22) | 54 (18) |
| PHODA-Youth (scored 0–510) − mean (SD) | 191 (121) | 180 (119) | 185 (119) |
| Credibility (CEQ, scored 3–27) − mean (SD) | 17.7 (5.1) | 18.3 (5.2) | 18.0 (5.0) |
| Expectancy (CEQ, scored 2–18) − mean (SD) | 13.2 (2.6) | 12.5 (3.5) | 12.8 (3.1) |
Note. * Valid percent. FDI (Functional Disability Index) = functional disability; QLA-CP (Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents with Chronic Pain) = quality of life; FOPQ (Fear of Pain Questionnaire) = pain-related fear; PCS-C (Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child version) = pain catastrophizing; CDI (Child Depression Inventory) = depressive symptoms; VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) = pain intensity; PHODA-Youth (Photograph Series of Daily Activities-Youth) = perceived harmfulness.