Table 1.
Effect of HMDP and HMPH on fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, lipids, β-cell function index, insulin resistance index and relative liver and visceral fat weights in mice fed a high-fat diet.
| LFC | HFC | HMDP70 | HMPH70 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBG (mmol/L) | 10.42 ± 0.68 | 14.25 ± 0.87 &,a | 10.94 ± 0.40 b | 12.18 ± 0.43 b |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.10 ξ,a | 0.51 ± 0.10 b | 0.50 ± 0.09 b |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 7.75 ± 1.41 | 23.81 ± 0.64 ξ,a | 16.10 ± 1.05 b | 18.16 ± 1.10 b |
| HOMA-IR | 1.55 ± 0.37 | 12.83 ± 1.76 ξ,a | 5.82 ± 1.17 b | 6.59 ± 1.20 b |
| HOMA-β | 1.83 ± 0.47 | 0.11 ± 0.02 ξ,a | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.20 ± 0.04 ab |
| QUICKI | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.01 ξ,a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 b |
| TC (mmol/L) | 2.80 ± 0.24 | 4.45 ± 0.40 &,a | 3.03 ± 0.22 b | 4.01 ± 0.23 a |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.49 ± 0.08 | 1.94 ± 0.13 & | 1.75 ± 0.07 | 1.98 ± 0.05 |
| Non-HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.21 | 2.51 ± 0.37 &,a | 1.28 ± 0.21 b | 2.03 ± 0.23 ab |
| TAG (mmol/L) | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.04 |
| FFA (mmol/L) | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 b | 0.42 ± 0.03 b |
| Visceral fat/body weight (%) 1 | 2.98 ± 0.29 | 4.60 ± 0.22 ¥ | 4.39 ± 0.12 | 4.46 ± 0.29 |
| Liver/body weight (%) | 2.94 ± 0.11 | 3.34 ± 0.32 | 3.42 ± 0.15 | 3.89 ± 0.28 |
1 Visceral fat was the sum of epididymal and perirenal fat pads. The weight of mesenteric fat pad was not obtained due to technical difficulty for an accurate dissection. The results are means ± SEM (n = 10–12). The difference between the HFC and LFC groups was determined using the Student’s t-test. The treatment effect was analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and differences among the HFC, HMDP70 and HMPH70 groups were determined using the least-squares means test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. & p < 0.01, ¥ p < 0.001, and ξ p < 0.0001 compared to LFC. a,b Among the HFC, HMDP70 and HMPH70, values bearing different superscript letters are different, p < 0.05. FBG, fasting (12-h) blood glucose; FFA, free fatty acids; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, triacylglycerols; TC, total cholesterol; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; LFC, low-fat control diet; HFC, high-fat control diet; HMDP70, HFC diet with 70% of casein protein being replaced with the same amount of protein derived from herring milt dry powder; HMPH70, HFC diet with 70% of casein protein substituted with by the same amount of protein from herring milt protein hydrolysate.