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. 2020 Dec 9;9(12):2648. doi: 10.3390/cells9122648

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic summary illustrating mechanisms targeting Cyclin D1 in estrogen receptor α (Erα)-positive breast cancer cells. LEFT PANEL Cyclin D1 as a key target of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)/androgen receptor (AR) action in breast cancer cells for the repression of cell proliferation [54]. RIGHT PANEL. Cyclin D1 as a key target of adiponectin action in ERα- positive breast cancer cells. Adiponectin induced signals, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphorylate both specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and ERα, producing the recruitment of an activator complex on Cyclin D1 promoter. This causes the increased Cyclin D1 expression and breast tumor growth [55]. See the text for details. Abbreviations: DAX1 (corepressor complex component), ARE (androgen responsive element), histone deacetylases (HDAC1), Basal TM (basal transcriptional machinery) Adipo R1 (Adiponectin receptor 1), P/CAF (P300/CBP-associated factor).