Table 1.
Synopsis of the main results of this study.
| Syntax | Modern Genomes | Ancient Genomes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AL languages form a cluster | AL speakers form a cluster | Higher Siberian component in AL speakers than in all the other populations |
| 2 | Indo-Iranian languages distinct from European IE languages | Indo-Iranian speakers distinct from other IE speakers | Higher Anatolian component in Indo-Iranian speakers than in other IE speakers |
| 3 | FU languages separated from IE and AL | In the tree, FU speakers and IE speakers fall in the same cluster | Yamnaya and Anatolian components similar in western FU speakers and their European IE-speaking neighbors |
| 4 | Estonian closer to IE and more distant than Finnish from other FU languages | Estonians closer to IE speakers than Finns | Siberian component lower in Estonians than in Finns |
| 5 | Mari, Khanty and Udmurt closer to AL than to IE languages | Mari, Khanty and Udmurt speakers more distant from IE speakers than Finns, Estonians and Hungarians | Higher Siberian component in Mari, Khanty and Udmurt speakers than in any other FU population |
| 6 | Easternmost FU Khanty least distant from easternmost Yakut of all AL languages | Khanty speakers halfway between the Mari/Udmurt speakers and eastern AL populations | Khanty speakers have the Siberian and Yamnaya component, but no Anatolian one |