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Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the germination-promoting effect of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) described so far. Upon CNM exposure, enhanced water uptake, intensified sugar metabolism/energy production, induced antioxidant defense and the remodeling of membrane lipids in seeds have been described in different experimental systems. See details in the text. Abbreviations: AsA, ascorbic acid; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; POD, peroxidases.
