Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics among participants according to bone mineral density (BMD) T score ≥ −1.0 or < −1.
| Characteristics | All (n = 4595) |
T-Score ≥ −1.0 (n = 2870) |
T-Score < −1 (n = 1725) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 49.7 ± 10.7 | 47.6 ± 10.3 | 53.2 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| Male gender (%) | 46.1 | 40.7 | 54.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking history (%) | 27.1 | 23.8 | 32.6 | <0.001 |
| DM (%) | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 0.160 |
| Hypertension (%) | 11.1 | 9.2 | 14.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.5 | 24.1 ± 3.5 | 0.023 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.6 ± 17.1 | 114.1 ± 17.1 | 118.2 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 71.0 ± 10.9 | 72.3 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 96.7 ± 19.7 | 95.6 ± 18.2 | 98.5 ± 21.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 97 (69–140) | 94 (66–136) | 100 (72–145) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.5 ± 35.8 | 193.0 ± 35.4 | 199.7 ± 36.2 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.3 ± 13.4 | 54.8 ± 13.5 | 53.6 ± 13.3 | 0.003 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.5 ± 32.2 | 120.6 ± 31.6 | 125.6 ± 33.0 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.6 | 13.9 ± 1.6 | 14.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 108.0 ± 25.1 | 109.0 ± 25.0 | 106.2 ± 25.1 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Regular exercise habits (%) | 45.2 | 43.1 | 48.6 | <0.001 |
| Air pollutants | ||||
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 37.7 ± 10.8 | 38.0 ± 10.7 | 37.0 ± 10.8 | 0.003 |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | 67.8 ± 17.0 | 68.6 ± 17.3 | 66.5 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
| O3 (ppb) | 30.9 ± 3.9 | 31.0 ± 3.7 | 30.7 ± 4.1 | 0.044 |
| CO (ppm) | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.44 ± 0.16 | 0.47 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| SO2 (ppb) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.479 |
| NO (ppb) | 4.2 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 4.7 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| NO2 (ppb) | 15.1 ± 5.7 | 14.8 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 5.9 | 0.001 |
| NOx (ppb) | 19.3 ± 9.0 | 18.7 ± 8.2 | 20.2 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations. BMD, bone marrow density; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PM2.5, particle with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less; PM10, particle with aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less; O3, ozone; CO, carbon monoxide; SO2; sulfur dioxide; NO, nitric oxide; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, nitrogen oxide.