Table 1.
Commercially available immunosorbents (ISs) for the analysis of single and multi-toxins in off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) mode.
| Toxin(s) | Matrix | Marketed ISs (Company) | Extraction Solvent; Factor and Solvent of Dilution | Vsample (eq. of Solid Sample) |
Washing | Elution | Analysis | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single analyte and analogs/metabolites | ||||||||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) | Olive, peanut and sesame oils | Aflatest WB (Vicam) | MeOH/water 45/55; -, water | - | - | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [12] |
| Nuts and based-nut products | Alfaprep (R-biopharm) | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; ×3, water | 15 mL (eq. 1 g) |
Water | [13] | |||
| Baby food and feed | AlfaOchra HPLCTM (Vicam) | ACN/water 78/22 (solid), ACN (milk); dried extract dil. in water |
10 mL | Water | MeOH | LC/MS–MS | [14] | |
| AF B1 | Sidestream cigarette smoke | Aflatest P aflatoxin (Vicam) | -; ×4, water | 20 mL | Water | ACN | LC/MS | [15] |
| Organic spices and herbs | RIDA Aflatoxin column (R-Biopharm) | MeOH/water 7/3; ×4, water | 1 mL (eq. 0.25 g) |
MeOH | ELISA | [16] | ||
| AF B1 and AF M1 | Pig liver | AflaTM wide bore for M1 Aflatest-P for AFB1 (Vicam) | MeOH/water, NaCl; ×5, PBS, Tween-20 2% | 20 mL (eq. 1 g) |
PBS, Tween-20 2% | MeOH | Fluo, LC/Fluo | [17] |
| DON | Wheat | DON-Test HPLC (Vicam) | Water; -, - | 1 mL (eq. 0.25 g) |
- | LC/UV | [18] | |
| DON, NIV | Rice, bran | DON NIV WB (Vicam) | Water, NaCl; ×5, PBS | 10 mL (eq. 0.4 g) |
PBS + water | MeOH + ACN | LC/UV, LC/MS | [19] |
| FUMs (B1, B2) | Cornflakes | Fumoni Test™ (Vicam) | ACN/MeOH/water 25/25/50; ×5, PBS | 10 mL (eq. 0.4 g) |
PBS | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [20] |
| OTA | Cereals | Easi-extract (Biocode) | MeOH/water 1/1; ×3, PBS | 50 ml | Water | [21] | ||
| Wine | Ochraprep (OP, Rhone Diagnostic Technologies) et Ochratest (OT, Vicam) | pH adjusted | 10 mL + 10 mL PBS (OT) or 4 mL + 10 mL PBS (OP) | PBS + water (OP) | [22] | |||
| Beer | Ochratest (Vicam) | Degassed; ×2, PEG - NaHCO3 | 10 mL | NaCl 2.5%, NaHCO3 0.5% + water | [23] | |||
| Urine | ×2 (human) or ×3.4 (rat), NaHCO3 + filtration | Water | [24] | |||||
| Milk | Ochraprep (R-Biopharm) et Ochratest (Vicam) | - | 50 mL | [25] | ||||
| Grapes, dried wine fruit, winery products | Ochratest (Vicam) | -, ACN/water or ACN/MeOH/water | - | Water, NaCl 2.5% + NaHCO3 0.5%, PEG 1% + NaHCO3 5% | [26] | |||
| Ready-to-drink coffee | -; ×8, PB | 5 mL | NaCl + NaHCO3 0.5% + water + NH4CH3CO2 | MeOH + AA 2% | LC/MS–MS | [27] | ||
| Wine | -; ×2 PEG 8000 (1%), NaHCO3 (5%) | 10 mL | NaCl, NaHCO3 + water | MeOH | Fluo, LC/Fluo, | [28] | ||
| Cereals, spices | MeOH/water 7/3; ×1.8, water | 40 mL | Water + PBS, Tween 20 | LC/Fluo | [29] | |||
| OTA, OTB, α-OTA | Milk | Ochraprep (R-Biopharm) | LLE with CHCl3; back extraction with PBS | PBS extract | Drying | [30] | ||
| SMC | Cereal, cheese, beer | Easi-extract SMC (R-Biopharm) | ACN/water 8/2, NaCl; ×15, PBS | 10–30 mL (eq. 0.25–0.5 g) |
PBS + water | ACN | LC/MS–MS | [31] |
| T-2 toxin | Cereals | T2 TAG (Vicam) | MeOH/water 8/2; ×5, water | 10 mL (eq. 1 g) |
Water | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [32] |
| T-2 & HT-2 toxins | T-2 test (Vicam) | MeOH/water 9/1, NaCl; ×5, water | - | [33] | ||||
| Easi-extract T2 (R-Biopharm), T-2 Test HPLC (Vicam) | MeOH/water 9/1; -, NaCl 4% | - | MeOH (x 3, backflush) | [34] | ||||
| Easi-extract T2 (R-Biopharm) | MeOH/water 9/1 + 2% NaCl (oats) | - | - | - | [35] | |||
| Chinese herbal medicines and related products | HT-2 HPLC (Vicam) | MeOH/water 9/1, NaCl; ×5, water | 10 mL (eq. 0.5 g) |
Water | MeOH | GC/ECD, GC/MS | [36] | |
| Oats | Easi-extract T-2 and HT-2 (R-Biopharm) | MeOH/water 9/1, NaCl; ×5, NaCl 4% | 5–25 mL (eq. 1.5–0.3 g) |
Tween 20 0.01% + water | LC/UV | [37] | ||
| Food, Feed | MeOH/water 9/1, NaCl; ×5, water | 25 mL (eq. 1 g) |
Water | LC/MS–MS | [38] | |||
| ZON | Corn | ZearalaTest (Vicam) | ACN/water 9/1; ×10, water | 10 mL | LC/Fluo | [39] | ||
| Botanical root products, soybeans, grains, grain products extracted | MeOH/water 75/25; ×10, PBS, Tween 20 (0.5%) | 50 mL (eq. 1 g) |
MeOH/PBS, 15/85 + Tween 20 (0.5%) + water | LC/Fluo, LC/MS | [40] | |||
| ZON and metabolites (5) | Maize | ACN/water 9/1, NaCl; ×5, PBS, Tween 20 (0.1%) | 10 mL | Water | Fluo or LC/Fluo | [41] | ||
| Multi-analytes | ||||||||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA | Ginseng, ginger | AflaOchraTest (Vicam) | MeOH/water 7/3, 0.5%NaHCO3; ×5, PBS, Tween 20 (1%) | - | PBS + water + water/MeOH 85/15 | MeOH | LC/Fluo, LC/MS | [42] |
| Cereals | Aflatest and Ochratest (Vicam) | ACN/water 6/4 (OTA); MeOH/water 8/2 (AFs); ×5, PBS | 50 mL (eq. 0.5 g) |
Water | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [43] | |
| Sicilian sweet wines | Ochraprep, Easi-extract for AFs (R-Biopharm) | -; ×2 PEG 6000 (1%), NaHCO3 (5%) | 20 mL | NaCl 2.5% + NaHCO3 0.5% + water | MeOH/AA 2% (OTA), ACN (AFs) | LC/Fluo | [44] | |
| Meat products | Aflatest and Ochratest (Vicam) | MeOH/water 6/4, NaCl; × 2, water (AF) MeOH/water, NaHCO3 1% 7/3; ×5, water (OTA); |
10 mL (eq. 1 g) |
Water (AFs); Tween 20/PBS (OTA) | MeOH (AFs) | LC/Fluo | [45] | |
| Spices and spices mixtures | AflaOchra HPLC (Vicam) | MeOH/water 8/2, NaCl; ×10, PBS, Tween 20 | 20 mL | Tween 20 0.01%, PBS + water | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [46] | |
| Ginger | MeOH/water 7/3, NaHCO3 0.5%; ×4, PBS, Tween 20 (1%) | 25 mL (eq. 0.3 g) |
PBS + water | LC/Fluo | [47] | |||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, FUMs (B1, B2), DON, ZON, T-2 and HT-2 | Maize | AOFZDT2TM (Vicam) | Water (A) and then water /MeOH 3/7; PBS | Percolation of B and then of A | PBS (B), water (A) | LC/MS | [48] | |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, ZON | Airborne from poultry house | AOZ (Vicam) | aqueous extract + NaCl; -, - | - | - | LC/Fluo | [49] | |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, ZON, FUM (B1, B2, B3), T-2 and HT-2 | Cereals | AOF-MS-Prep and DZT-MS-Prep used in tandem | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; -, - | - | - | - | LC/MS–MS | [50] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1), OTA | Turkish dairy food | 3 ISs (no supplier mentioned) | MeOH/water 8/2, NaCl (AF B and G), 7/3 (OTA) and CHCl3, NaCl (AF M1); ×7, PBS (AF B/G, OTA), dried residue diluted in MeOH/PBS 2/98 (AF M1) | - | PBS (AF M1) | MeOH/water 1.25/1.75 (AFs B/G); MeOH/ACN 2/3 + water (AF M1); MeOH + water (OTA) | LC/Fluo | [51] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1), OTA, DON, ZON, FUM (2), T-2 and HT-2 | Food | AflaOchra Prep (R-Biopharm) | QuEChERSs method including LLE (hexane) to purify ACN extract; ×12.5, PBS | - | Water | MeOH | LC/MS–MS | [52] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1), OTA, DON, ZON, NIV, FUS-X, VCG; T-2 and HT-2; CTN, 3-ADON,15-ADON, SMC | Food and feed extracts (84% ACN) | Mycosep 226 Aflazon + (COCMY2226, Romer labs) | -; ×2, ACN | - | - | - | LC/MS–MS | [53] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUM (3), T-2 and HT-2, NIV, 3-ADON, 5-ADON | Cereals | Myco6in 1 (Vicam) | Water + MeOH; ×3.5, PBS after partial evaporation | 7 mL (eq. 0.5 g) |
Water | MeOH + water | LC/MS–MS | [54] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), DON, ZON, NIV, FUS-X, T-2 and HT-2, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, DAS | Corn, wheat, biscuit, cornflakes | Multisep 226 (Romer Labs) | ACN/water 85/15; none | 10 mL | - | - | LC/MS | [55] |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUMs (B1, B2), T-2 and HT-2, NIV | Spices, infant formula, coffee, nuts | AflaOchra Prep (R-Biopharm) | Water/ACN/AA 10/89.75/0.25 + salt (MgSO4/NaCl) + LLE (Hexane); ×25, PBS | 50 mL | Water | MeOH | LC/MS–MS | [56] |
| Corn and corn-derived products | Myco6in1 (Vicam) | MeOH/water 7/3; ×10, PBS | 20 mL (eq. 0.5 g) |
PBS + water | [57] | |||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUMs (B1, B2, ), T-2 and HT-2, NIV, 3-ADON | Cereal grains | ACN/water/AA 79.5/20/0.5; ×16, PBS | - | MeOH/water, 8/2, AA 0.5% | [58] | |||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUM (B1, B2, B3), T-2 | Herbs | MeOH/PBS 7/3 + LLE (hexane); ×26, PBS | - | NH4HCO2, FA (0.1%) | MeOH | LC/MS–MS, LC/HRMS | [59] | |
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUMs (B1, B2, B3), T-2 and HT-2 | Cereals, nuts | ACN/water/AA 79.5/20/0.5 + evaporation; -, PBS | 10 mL (eq. 2.5 g) |
Water | LC/MS–MS | [60] | ||
| AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2), OTA, DON, ZON, FUM, T-2 and HT-2 | Cereals | AOF MS PREP, DZT MS-PREP (R-Biopharm) | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; ×13, PBS | 20 mL (eq. 0.38 g) |
[61] | |||
| AF M1, OTA, DON, DON analog, ZON (α,β), FUM B1 | Urine | Myco6in1 (Vicam) | Oasis HLB SPE cartridge connected to the top of the IS; ×2, water | 12 mL | MeOH + water | [62] | ||
| DON, ZON and 5 derivatives, 3-ADON, 15-ADON | Flour | Multi-IACs (Magnech Bio-Tech) | ACN/water 8/2; ×8, PBS | 20 mL (eq. 0.25 g) |
Tween 20 (1%) + Water | MeOH, AA 2% | LC/DAD | [63] |
| DON, ZON (+conjugated and metabolites) | Calf serum | DON Prep and DZT MS-Prep (R-Biopharm), NeoColumns for DON and for ZEN (Neogen), AokinImmunoClean C for DON and for ZEN (Aokin), Easi-extract ZEA (R-Biopharm) | Protein precipitation + drying; PBS, 5% MeOH | 10 mL | Water | MeOH | LC/MS–MS | [64] |
| DON, ZON, HT-2 andT-2 | Wheat, biscuit | DZT MS-PREP (R-Biopharm); MultiSep 226 (Romer Labs) | MeOH/water, 75/25; ×4, PBS, MeOH (15%) | 5 mL (eq. 0.25 g) |
[65] | |||
| DON, ZON, NIV, FUS-X, 3-ADON, T-2 and HT-2 | Maize | Mycosep 226 and 227 (Coring systems Diagnostix) | ACN/water, 84/16; - | 8 mL (eq. 2 g) | - | - | LC/MS | [66] |
| DON, ZON, T-2 and HT-2 | Cereal and cereal-based samples | ACN/water, 85/15; - | 5 mL (eq. 1 g) | - | - | LC/MS–MS | [67] | |
| DON, ZON, T-2 and HT-2 | Wheat, Maize | DZT MS-PREP (R-Biopharm) | ACN/water 8/2; ×40, PBS | 8 mL | Water | MeOH | [68] | |
AA: acetic acid; CNT: citrinin; DAS: diacetoxyscirpenol; FA: formic acid; FUS-X: Fusarenon-X; LLE, liquid–liquid extraction; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PB: phosphate buffer (PBS: PB saline); PEG: polyethyleneglycol; VCG: verruculogen; ZER: zeranol. -: no data.