Table 4.
Development and applications of oligosorbents for the selective extraction of toxins. -: no data.
| Aptamer Modification/Spacer | Sorbent | Matrix | Extraction Solvent; Dilution Factor and Solvent | Extraction Mode | Vsample/Amount of OS | Washing | Elution | Analytical Method | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AF B1 | biotin/- | Streptavidin-coated microtiter plate | Corn | Dried extract in BB | Partition | 500 µL | - | MeOH/water 8/2 | LC/Fluo | [170] |
| Magnetic streptavidin-NPs | Peanut oil | dSPE | - | - | - | Fluo | [171] | |||
| AF B2 | - | Magnetic NH2-NPs | [172] | |||||||
| NH2/C7 | CNBr-Sepharose | Peanut | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; ×10, BB | Off-line SPE | 5 mL/60 mg | BB | MeOH | LC/Fluo | [173] | |
| AFs B1, B2 | NHS-activated Sepharose | Peanut, maize, wheat, rice | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; ×9, BB | 30 mL/300 µl | [174] | |||||
| Biotin-Apt | Magnetic streptavidin-agarose beads (28 µm) | Maize | MeOH/water 7/3, NaCl; dry extract in BB | dSPE | 1 mL/200 µL | BB/MeOH 2/8 | [175] | |||
| AF M1 | - | Magnetic silanized NPs | Milk | LLE (hexane, MeOH, water); - | 15 mL/8 mg | MeOH | DCM, AA | [176] | ||
| OTA | - | DADPA | Wheat extract | MeOH/water 6/4; x4, BB | Off-line SPE | 10–12 mL/300 µL | BB | Tris-HCl, EDTA, 20% MeOH | Fluo | [169] |
| MeOH/BB (2/8) | LC/Fluo | [177] | ||||||||
| NH2/C6 | CNBr-Sepharose | Red wine | pH adjusted | 1 mL/35 mg | BB/ACN 9/1 | Water/ACN (6/4) | LC/Fluo | [178] | ||
| NH2/C12 | Wheat extract | ACN/water 6/4; ×10, BB | Water/ACN (6/4) | LC/Fluo | [179] | |||||
| NH2/C6 | NHS-activated Sepharose | Ginger powder, TCM |
ACN/water 6/4; ×10, BB | 2, 3 mL/200 µL | BB | MeOH | LC/Fluo LC/MS–MS |
[180] [181] |
||
| SH/C6 | Au NPs/POSS-PEI monolith | Pure sample | - | 20 µL/100 × 0.1 mm i.d. capillary | Tris-HCl, EDTA | LC/Fluo | [182] | |||
| NH2/C6 | Magnetic carboxylated-NPs (100–250 nm) | Food | MeOH/water 5/5; ×2, Tris-HCl, Mg2+ | dSPE | 100 µL/100 µL | Tris-HCl | ACN/water (95/5) + 1% AA | LC/Fluo | [183] | |
| Biotin-Apt | Magnetic streptavidin-MOF | Corn, peanut | dry extract in HEPES, Mg2+ | -/10 mg | - | - | LC/MS–MS | [184] | ||
| SH/- | POSS-acrylate-based monolith (one-pot synthesis) | Beer | pH adjusted; ×2, BB | On-line SPE (loop) | 100 µL/100 × 0.1 mm i.d. capillary | BB | ACN/Tris-HCl, EDTA (3/7) | LC/Fluo | [185] | |
| SH/C6 | Poly(TMOS-co-MPTMS) monolith modified with AuNPs (25 nm) | Beer, wine | pH adjusted; ×9, BB | 20 µL/100 × 0.075 mm i.d. capillary | ACN/Tris-HCl, EDTA (7/3) | LC/Fluo | [186] | |||
| NH2/ C12 | Poly(APTES-co-TEOS) monolith | Beer | ×2, BB | On-line SPE | 250 nL/ 70 × 0.1 mm i.d. capillary | nano-LC mobile phase | NanoLC/LIF | [187] | ||
| SH/- | Poly(TMOS-co-MTMS) monolith | Beer and white wine | In-line SPE | 768 nL (beer), 5 µL (wine)/ 15 × 0.075 mm i. d. capillary | ACN/Tris, EDTA, 3/7 | CE/LIF | [188] | |||
| ZON | Biotin-Apt | Magnetic streptavidin beads | Beer | dSPE | - | - | 90 °C, BB | Fluo | [189] |
AA: acetic acid; APTES: aminopropyltriethoxysilane; BB: binding buffer; DADPA: diaminodipropylamine; (m)NP: (magnetic) nanoparticles; LLE: liquid–liquid extraction; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; CNBr: cyanogen bromide; MPTMS: mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane; MTMS: methyltrimethoxylsilane, SH, Thiol; TCM: traditional Chinese medicines; TEOS: tetraethoxysilane; TMOS: tetramethoxysilane; POSS: polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes.