Table 2.
Analytical methods for orellanine detection.
| Ref. | Matrix | Separation | Detection | Qualitative/Quantitative | LOD | LOQ | Linearity | Extraction Recovery | Additional Analytical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [14] | Mushrooms | TLC | UV | Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
| [49] | Mushrooms | TLC | UV (254 nm) | Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
| [50] | Mushrooms, mouse serum and kidney | HPLC | Electrochemistry (Working electrode: glassy carbon TL-5A; Reference electrode: Ag/AgCl; Working potential: 900 mV) |
Quantitative | 500 pg | NC | 50–500 ng on column | Alleged to 100% on overloaded mouse serum and directly injected, 25% for mouse kidney | Column: (200 mm × 4.6) 5 µm Nucleosil C18; Flow rate: 2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 0.05 citrate-phosphate buffer pH 4.5, 15.4% MeOH and PIC B6 1-hexane sulphonic acid 5 mM |
| [21] | Mushrooms | TLC | Spectrofluorometry (λexcitation = 396 nm; λemission = 447 nm) |
Quantitative | NC | NC | NC | NC | - |
| HPLC | MS | Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| - | NMR | Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| [22] | Mushrooms | - | Polarography (Working electrode: dropping mercury; Reference electrode: saturated calomel) |
Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
| [51] | Mushrooms | HPLC | UV (260, 290 nm) | Quantitative | 40–50 pg on column | NC | 5–500 ng on column | NC | Columns: (150 mm × 4.6) 5 µM Rosil CN and (150 mm × 3.9) 5 µM µBondapak C18; Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min and 0.8 mL/min; Mobile phase: H3PO4 pH 1 and H3PO4 pH/ACN (94/6 v/v); 1-octane-sulphonic acid 2.5 Mm; RT: 4.43 min and 6.58 |
| [24] | Biological fluids and renal biopsy | TLC | Spectrofluorometry in 2D (λexcitation = 399 nm; λemission = 447 nm) |
Quantitative | 10 ng | NC | NC | NC | - |
| [28] | Mushrooms | TLC | Spectrofluorometry (λexcitation = 400 nm; λemission = 450 nm) |
Quantitative | 15 ng deposit | NC | NC | NC | - |
| Electrophoresis | Spectrofluorometry (λexcitation = 400 nm; λemission = 450 nm) |
Quantitative | 25 ng deposit | NC | NC | NC | |||
| - | ESR | Quantitative | 5000 ng | NC | NC | NC | |||
| [41] | Urine, blood and renal biopsy | TLC | UV (366 nm) | Semi quantitative | ≈ 10 ng | NC | NC | NC | - |
| [52] | Mushrooms | TLC | UV (365 nm) | Semi quantitative | ≈ 50 ng deposit | NC | NC | NC | - |
| HPLC | Photodiode (288 nm) | Quantitative | NC | NC | NC | NC | Preparative column: (115 mm × 13 mm) C18; Flow rate: 1 mL/min; Mobile phase: ACN/H2O (5/95 v/v) pH 1 1% TFA; RT: 6.5 min | ||
| HPLC | ESI-MS | Quantitative | NC | NC | NC | NC | Flow rate: 10 µL/min direct MS source | ||
| [10] | Mushrooms and rat plasma | HPLC | ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (253 to 191; 253 to 219; 253 to 163 m/z) |
Quantitative | 4.9 µg/L | NC | 4.9–5000 µg/L | ≈ 91% mushrooms ≈ 60% plasma |
Column: (50 mm × 2.1 mm) 1.8 µm Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD; Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 4 mM ammonium formate pH 2.5 (A), MeOH 0.2% HCOOH (B) |
| ESI-MS/MS (QTOF) | Quantitative | 4.9 µg/L | NC | 4.9–5000 µg/L | Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 5 mM ammonium formate/MeOH (90/10; v/v) 0.02% HCOOH (A), 5 mM ammonium formate in MeOH 0.02% HCOOH (B) | ||||
| [53] | Rat gastric content | HPLC | (−) ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (Scan range: 120–600 m/z) |
Quantitative | NC | NC | NC | NC | Column: (50 mm × 2.1 mm) 2 µm Ascentis Express C18; Flow rate: 0.25 mL/min; Mobile phase: H2O 0.1 N HCOOH (A), ACN (B) |
| [54] | Rat gastric content | GC | MS with Supersonic Molecular Beam | Qualitative | NC | NA | NA | NA | Column: (4 m × 0.25 mm ID), 0.1 µm VF-5HT; Flow rate: 8 mL/min; T injector: 200 °C; GC oven: 120–300 °C at 30 °C/min |
| [26] | Mushrooms | HPLC | UV–visible (295 nm) | Quantitative | 17000 ng/g | NC | 17000–680000 ng/g | 78.3% | Column: (150 mm × 4.6 mm) 3 µm PLRP-S C18; Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min; Mobile phase: 4 mM ammonium acetate (A), MeOH (B) |
| ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (253 to 163; 253 to 191; 253 to 219; 253 to 236 m/z) |
Quantitative | 30 ng/g | NC | 6800–13600 ng/g | 85.0% | Column: (250 mm × 4.1 mm) 10 µm Hamilton PRP-1; Flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; Mobile phase: H2O 1% HCOOH (A), ACN (B) | |||
| [55] | Mice kidney | HPLC | UV–visible | Quantitative | NC | 10 µg/g of tissue | 15–50 µg/g of tissue | NC | - |
| HPLC | ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (235 to 236 m/z) |
Quantitative | 20 ng/g | NC | NC | 91% | |||
| [56] | Standard solution | - | PSI-HR-MS/MS (253.0468 to 219.0404 m/z) |
Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
NA: not applicable; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; NC: not communicated.