Table 6.
Analytical methods for muscarine detection.
| Ref. | Matrix | Separation | Detection | Qualitative/Quantitative | LOD | LOQ | Linearity | Extraction Recovery | Additional Analytical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [179] | Mushrooms | TLC | Reactant of Thies and Reuther | Quantitative | 6 µg | NC | NC | NC | - |
| [180] | Mushrooms | TLC | SIMS-MS | Qualitative | 10 µg deposit | NA | NA | NA | - |
| HPLC | UV (254 nm) | Qualitative | NC | NA | NA | NA | Column: (250 mm × 4.6 mm) 10 µm Lichrosorb RP-8; Mobile phase: H2O 1% glacial acetic acid (A), ACN (B) | ||
| HPLC | MS/MS (triple Q) | Qualitative | NC | NA | NA | NA | - | ||
| [133] | Mushrooms | UPLC-HILIC | ESI-MS/MS (ion trap) (Scan range: 90–180 m/z) |
Quantitative | 5 ng/g | 5.1 ng/g | 5–50 µg/L | 84–94% | Column: (250 mm × 2.0 mm) 5 µm 80 Å TSK-Gel Amide 80; Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 2 mM ammonium formate + 5 mM HCOOH (A), ACN (B), MeOH (C); RT: ≈ 9.5 min |
| [158] | Urine | HPLC | ESI-MS (Full-scan mode) |
Qualitative | 3 µg/L | NC | NC | 90% | Column: (150 mm × 2.0) 5 µm Gemini C18; Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 8 mmol/L heptafluorobutyric acid in H2O; RT: 14.2 min |
| [155] | Urine | HPLC | ESI-MS | Quantitative | 0.09 µg/L | 0.3 µg/L | 0.3–2000 µg/L | 95–96% | Column: (150 mm × 2.0 mm) 5 µm Gemini C18; Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: 8 mmol/L heptafluorobutyric acid in H2O (A), ACN (B); RT: 10.0 min |
| [181] | Mushrooms | HPLC | ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (SRM mode: 174 to 57;174 to 115; 174 to 60;174 to 97 m/z) |
Quantitative | NC | NC | NC | NC | Column: (150 mm × 2.0 mm) 5 µm 110 Å Gemini C18; Flow rate: 0.15 mL/min; Mobile phase: H2O (A), ACN (B); RT: 1.8 min |
| [182] | Urine | Electrophoresis | ESI-MS/MS (triple Q) (SIM and MRM mode) |
Quantitative | 0.73 µg/L | NC | 0.1–10.00 mg/L | 92.6–95.4% | Capillary length: 100 cm (50 µm); Sheath liquid: H2O/MeOH/CH3COOH (20/79.65/0.35 v/v/v/); Flow rate: 0.4 mL/min |
| [143] | Urine | UPLC | ESI-TOF/MS (Full-scan 50–1000 m/z) |
Quantitative | 0.09 µg/L | NC | 0.1–100 µg/L | 97% | Column: (100 mm × 2.1 mm) 2.2 µm Acclaim RS 120, C18; Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; Mobile phase: H2O/ACN (99/1; v/v) 2 mM ammonium formate, 0.1% HCOOH (A), ACN/H2O (99/1; v/v) 2 mM ammonium formate, 0.1% HCOOH (B); RT: 2.05 min |
| [56] | Standard solution | - | PSI-HR-MS/MS (α-: 174.1486 to 174.1486 m/z) |
Qualitative | NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
NA: not applicable; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; NC: not communicated; RT: retention time.