Table 8.
Cases of gyromitrine poisoning.
| Ref. | Date of intoxication | Country | N | Sex/Age | Offset of symptoms/Delay before hospitalization | Symptoms | Treatment | Notes | Toxin Quantification | Outcome | Mushroom specie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [214] | 11 May 1935 | United States, Michigan | 7 | F/69 | NC/D 1 | Vomiting, severe chest and legs pain, fever, tachycardia, convulsions, coma | Morphine, atropine, stomach wash, caffeine, sodium benzoate | Consumption of dried mushrooms after having been parboiled | - | Death at D 5 | Gyromitra esculenta |
| [215] | Between 1782 and 1965 | Eastern Europe | Minimum of 654 | - | - | Gastrointestinal disorders | NC | - | - | At least 114 death | Gyromitra esculenta |
| [216] | 9 June 1962 | France | 1 | F/8 | D 3/NC | Vomiting, agitation, delirium, bilateral mydriasis, coma, muscular hypertonia, arterial hypertension | NC | Consumption on 2 occasions | - | Death of liver failure | Gyromitra esculenta |
| April 1964 | 3 | F/7 | H 12/NC | Vomiting, subictus, delirium, agitation, coma, oliguria, fever, respiratory collapse, liver failure | Tracheotomy, artificial ventilation | Consumption several times over 3 weeks | - | Death of liver failure at H 102 | |||
| F/4 | Vomiting, liver failure | NC | Positive development | ||||||||
| F/NC | Vomiting, asthenia, subictus, liver failure | Positive development | |||||||||
| Between 1817 and 1965 | NC | 282 | NC/NC | NC/NC | Vomiting | NC | - | 21 death | |||
| [206] | NC | Italy | 1 | F/53 | D 1/D 1 | Vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, hypotension, anuria, severe enlargement of the liver, right hemiplegia, coma | Plasma infusion, corticosteroids | Autopsy: liver necrosis, brain oedema, | TLC on intestine extract | Death at D 3 | Gyromitra esculenta |
| [212] | Springtime | Canada | 2 | F/49 | H 2/D 1 | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hot and cold chills, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice | Rehydration, analgesic, antiemetic, Vitamin B6, antacid, antihistamine | AST on D 5: 431 U/L; ALT on D 5: 472 U/L | - | Positive development | Gyromitra esculenta |
| M/56 | NC/D 1 | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, headache | AST on D 4: 116 U/L | - |
N: number of patients; NC: not communicated; F: female; M: male; H: hour; D: day; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.