Table 1.
Characteristics of people with dementia and matched groups with or without burdensome end-of-life transition.
| All Decedents N = 61,399 |
Decedents Included in the Nested Case-Control Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Burdensome End-of-Life Transitions (Matched Controls) N = 34,910 |
Burdensome End-of-Life Transitions (Matched Cases) N = 17,455 |
||||
| Early
Transition Only (Multiple Transitions Last 90 Days) N = 7891 |
Late
Transition Only (Any Transition Last 3 Days) N = 8752 |
Both
Early and Late Transitions N = 812 |
|||
| Age when death, mean (SD) | 83.2 (9.7) | 83.5 (9.6) | 82.3 (9.6) | 82.7 (10.1) | 82.2 (10.2) |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 29,595 (48.2) | 17,099 (49.0) | 3266 (41.4) | 4486 (51.2) | 339 (41.8) |
| Characteristics at time of dementia diagnosis | |||||
|
SES—Income
#
,
n
(%)
Dependent Fair High Very high |
11,934 (19.4) 32,609 (53.1) 16,076 (26.2) 780 (1.3) |
6968 (20.0) 18,575 (53.2) 8955 (25.7) 412 (1.2) |
1307 (16.6) 4660 (59.1) 1828 (23.2) 96 (1.2) |
1776 (20.3) 4212 (48.1) 2621 (30.0) 143 (1.6) |
143 (17.6) 426 (52.5) 239 (29.4) 4 (0.5) |
|
SES—Urbanisation,
n
(%)
1 most urbanised 2 3 4 most ruralised |
(Missing, n = 25,381; 41.3%) 15,745 (43.7) 15,494 (43.0) 4097 (11.4) 682 (1.9) |
(Missing, n = 14,722; 42.2%) 8806 (43.6) 8733 (43.3) 2281 (11.3) 368 (1.8) |
(Missing, n = 3153; 40.0%) 2005 (42.3) 2060 (43.5) 580 (12.2) 93 (2.0) |
(Missing, n = 3580; 40.9%) 2356 (45.6) 2170 (42.0) 538 (10.4) 108 (2.1) |
(Missing, n = 316; 38.9%) 211 (42.5) 218 (44.0) 55 (11.1) 12 (2.4) |
| Age-adjusted CCI, mean (SD) | 7.4 (2.8) | 7.3 (2.8) | 7.7 (2.9) | 7.3 (2.8) | 7.9 (3.0) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cancer, n (%) | 8520 (13.9) | 4699 (13.5) | 1323 (16.8) | 1101 (12.6) | 158 (19.5) |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 10,806 (17.6) | 5998 (17.2) | 1484 (18.8) | 1573 (18.0) | 174 (21.4) |
| COPD, n (%) | 21,466 (35.0) | 12,033 (34.5) | 3066 (38.9) | 2875 (32.9) | 339 (41.8) |
| Liver cirrhosis/ chronic liver Disease, n (%) | 11,946 (19.5) | 6552 (18.8) | 1768 (22.4) | 1634 (18.7) | 177 (21.8) |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 1565 (2.6) | 886 (2.5) | 230 (2.9) | 203 (2.3) | 23 (2.8) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 40,441 (65.9) | 22,805 (65.3) | 5266 (66.7) | 5720 (65.4) | 555 (68.4) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 18,953 (30.9) | 10,413 (29.8) | 2664 (33.8) | 2775 (31.7) | 259 (31.9) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 22,871 (37.3) | 12,755 (36.5) | 3082 (39.1) | 3265 (37.3) | 330 (40.6) |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 13,578 (22.1) | 7408 (21.2) | 1647 (20.9) | 2181 (24.9) | 174 (21.4) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 3954 (6.4) | 2192 (6.3) | 559 (7.1) | 581 (6.6) | 56 (6.9) |
| Depression, n (%) | 8015 (13.1) | 4321 (12.4) | 1019 (12.9) | 1313 (15.0) | 121 (14.9) |
| Characteristics in the follow-up | |||||
| Time from cohort entry to death (days), mean (SD) | 1030.7 (872.8) | 1038.7 (859.4) | 841.0 (770.4) | 1093.5 (898.8) | 887.2 (816.6) |
| HHC related factors | |||||
| HHC, n (%) | 17,046 (27.8) | 9670 (27.7) | 2197 (27.8) | 2277 (26.0) | 251 (30.9) |
| HHC (total counts/person), mean (SD) | 22.2 (27.4) | 22.8 (27.3) | 16.8 (21.8) | 23.8 (28.8) | 17.0 (24.1) |
| Duration of HHC (days), median (Q1–Q3) | 234 (57–648) | 245 (61–654) | 151 (28–496) | 256 (59–728) | 127 (15–499) |
| Frequency of HHC (counts /year/person), mean (SD) | 9.8 (6.7) | 10.1 (6.7) | 8.4 (6.4) | 10.0 (6.8) | 8.3 (6.5) |
|
Resource utilisation group of first HHC,
n
(%)
1 2 3 4 |
(missing n = 20; 0.1%) 895 (5.3) 11,958 (70.2) 3888 (22.8) 285 (1.7) |
(missing n = 10; 0.1%) 487 (5.0) 6766 (70.0) 2242 (23.2) 165 (1.7) |
(missing n = 4; 0.2%) 118 (5.4) 1458 (66.5) 567 (25.9) 50 (2.3) |
(missing n = 5; 0.2%) 147 (6.5) 1663 (73.2) 437 (19.2) 25 (1.1) |
11 (4.4) 168 (66.9) 68 (27.1) 4 (1.6) |
| Time from cohort entry to first HHC (days), median (Q1–Q3) | 520 (145–1179) | 520 (147–1165) | 455 (133–1020) | 578 (151–1255) | 488 (115–1068) |
| Time from last HHC to death, (days), median (Q1–Q3) | 29 (15–67) | 30 (17–69) | 46 (22–89) | 18 (9–32) | 22 (9–52) |
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HHC = home healthcare, SD = standard deviation, SES = socioeconomic status, Q1 = first quartile, Q3 = third quartile, and CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index. # Insurance premium-related income.