Table 1.

Characteristics of the lung cancer sample and control sample.

Variable	Cancer Control Sample		Cancer Sample		Control Sample		p-Value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sample size	439	100.0	187	100.0	252	100.0
Age (years *)	62.6 (7.2)		63.0 (7.1)		62.3 (7.3)		0.2586
45.0–49.9	12	2.8	3	1.6	9	3.6	<0.0001
50.0–54.9	41	9.3	12	6.4	29	11.5
55.0–59.9	76	17.3	24	12.8	52	20.6
60.0–64.9	133	30.3	51	27.3	82	32.5
65.0–69.9	97	22.1	42	22.5	55	21.8
70.0–74.9	47	10.7	29	15.5	18	7.1
75.0–80.0	33	7.5	26	13.9	7	2.8
BMI (kg/m2 *)	27.7 (4.8)		27.3 (4.9)		28.0 (4.7)		0.1354
<18.5	10	2.3	10	5.4	0	0.0	<0.0001
18.5–24.9	125	28.5	86	46.0	39	15.5
25.0–29.9	160	36.4	55	29.4	105	41.7
≥30	144	32.8	36	19.2	108	42.8
Place of residence
rural	152	34.6	67	35.8	85	33.7	0.5981
sub-urban	202	46.0	81	43.3	121	48.0
urban	85	19.4	39	20.9	46	18.3
Education level
primary	104	23.7	72	38.5	32	12.7	<0.0001
secondary	258	58.8	104	55.6	154	61.1
higher	77	17.5	11	5.9	66	26.2
Economic situation
below average	91	20.7	53	28.3	38	15.1	<0.0001
average	278	63.3	118	63.1	160	63.5
above average	70	16.0	16	8.6	54	21.4
Socioeconomic status (SES index) a
low	235	53.5	121	64.7	114	45.2	0.0002
average	87	19.,8	25	13.4	62	24.6
high	117	26.6	41	21.9	76	30.2
Physical activity at work b
low	223	50.8	115	61.5	108	42.9	0.0003
moderate	154	35.1	48	25.7	106	42.0
high	62	14.1	24	12.8	38	15.1
Physical activity in leisure time c
low	148	33.7	71	38.0	77	30.6	0.2570
moderate	236	53.8	95	50.8	141	55.9
high	55	12.5	21	11.2	34	13.5
Overall physical activity d
low	227	51.7	113	60.4	114	45.2	0.0069
moderate	165	37.6	57	30.5	108	42.9
high	47	10.7	17	9.1	30	11.9
Current smoking status
never smokers	50	12.5	1	0.5	49	19.5	<0.0001
current smokers	157	34.6	69	36.9	88	45.6
former smokers	232	52.9	117	62.6	115	34.9
Smoking period
never smokers	55	12.5	1	0.5	54	21.4	<0.0001
<5 years	27	6.1	5	2.7	22	8.7
5–10 years	13	3.0	2	1.1	11	4.4
>10 years	344	78.4	179	95.7	165	65.5
Number of cigarettes smoked
0 pcs	55	12.5	1	0.5	54	21.4	<0.0001
<10 pcs	28	6.4	6	3.2	22	8.7
11–20 pcs	217	49.4	104	55.6	113	44.9
21–40 pcs	104	23.7	50	26.8	54	21.4
>40 pcs	35	8.0	26	13.9	9	3.6
Smoking (pack-years)
0 pack-years (never smoker)	55	12.5	1	0.5	54	21.4	<0.0001
2.5–11 pack-years (moderate smoker)	252	57.4	112	59.9	140	55.6
>11 pack-years (heavy smoker)	132	30.1	74	39.6	58	23.0
Family history of lung cancer among relatives
yes	91	20.7	39	20.9	52	20.6	0.9945
no	324	73.8	138	73.8	186	73.8
I do not know	28	5.5	10	5.3	14	5.6
Occupational exposure in the workplace
yes	137	31.2	64	34.2	73	28.9	0.2399
no	302	68.8	123	65.8	179	71.1

* Mean and standard deviation (SD); ^a SES index was calculated based on place of residence, educational level, and declared economic situation (description in the Materials and Methods section); ^b physical activity at work: low—more than 70% of working time spent sedentary or retired, moderate—approx. 50% of working time spent sedentary and 50% of working time spent in an active manner, high—approx. 70% of working time spent in an active manner or physical work related to great exertion [64]; ^c physical activity in leisure time: low—sedentary for most of the time, watching TV, reading books, walking 1–2 h per week, moderate—walking, bike riding, gymnastics, gardening, light physical activity performed 2–3 h per week, high—bike riding, jogging, gardening, sport activities involving physical exertion performed more than 3 h weekly [68]; ^d after combining data based on declared physical activity at work and physical activity in leisure time [69]; details in Supplementary Table S3; n—number; %—percentage of the sample; p—level of significance assessed by chi² test (categorical variables) or Kruskal–Wallis’ test (continuous variables).