Figure 2.

(A) Pre-treatment with 10 μM PIO and 10 μM PIO-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles increases mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity in CHO-APP₆₉₅ cells, conferring the cells greater ability to resist stress. (B) Lower doses of PIO NP (1 μM and 0.1 μM) pre-treated CHO-APP₆₉₅ cells exhibit significantly increased spare respiratory capacity as well. OCR data are normalized to total protein content and presented as mean ± SE (N = 5). Outliers have been omitted. * indicates p < 0.05; ** indicates p < 0.01; *** indicates p < 0.001; **** indicates p < 0.0001 when compared against the blank medium control unless otherwise indicated.