Table 2.
Polyphenol compounds in mango puree samples before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (µmol/g DW) (n = 3). BOD: before oral digestion; AOD: after oral digestion; AGD: after gastric digestion; AID: after intestinal digestion. % Rem: % remained; BI: Bioaccessibility Index.
| Compounds | BOD | AOD | % Rem | AGD | % Rem | AID | BI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acid derivatives | ||||||||
| Benzene-1,2-diol (pyrogallol) | 27 ± 3 | 18 ± 3 | 66.7 | 21 ± 9 | 77.8 | 17 ± 4 | 63 | ns |
| 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) | 46 ± 4 d | 109 ± 16 c | 237 | 188 ± 26 b | 408.7 | 267 ± 36 a | 580.4 | *** |
| Gallic acid hexoside | 61 ± 3 a | 49 ± 9 b | 80.3 | 42 ± 6 b | 68.9 | 22 ± 3 c | 36.1 | *** |
| 3-O-Methylgallic acid | 47 ± 4 b | 86 ± 8 b | 183 | 85 ± 13 b | 180.9 | 2259 ± 406 a | 4806 | *** |
| 4-O-Methylgallic acid | 69 ± 7 c | 132 ± 28 a | 191.3 | 112 ± 18 b | 162.3 | n.d. d | - | *** |
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 176 ± 39 a | 100 | *** | ||
| Benzoic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 84 ± 15 a | 100 | *** | ||
| Hydroxybenzoic acid hexoside 1 | 111 ± 45 c | 434 ± 88 ab | 391 | 472 ± 141 a | 425.2 | 322 ± 110 b | 290.1 | *** |
| Hydroxybenzoic acid hexoside 2 | 1259 ± 327 d | 5644 ± 571 a | 448.3 | 3985 ± 444 b | 316.5 | 2287 ± 208 c | 181.7 | *** |
| Syringic acid glucoside 1 | 2.7 ± 0.0 a | 2.7 ± 0.3 a | 100 | 1.7 ± 0.3 b | 63 | 0.8 ± 0.1 c | 29.6 | *** |
| Syringic acid glucoside 2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 91.7 | 0.5 ± 0.1 c | 41.7 | 0.1 ± 0.0 d | 8.3 | *** |
| Methyl gallate | 1 ± 1 b | 28 ± 3 b | 2800 | 29 ± 4 b | 2900 | 737 ± 132 a | 737 | *** |
| Methyl digallate ester 1 | 16 ± 1 b | 30 ± 6 a | 187.5 | 26 ± 5 ab | 162.5 | 15 ± 13 b | 93.8 | * |
| Methyl digallate ester 2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 b | 2.4 ± 0.7 a | 150 | 2.5 ± 0.5 a | 156.3 | n.d. c | - | *** |
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillic acid) | 522 ± 15 a | 486 ± 60 a | 93.1 | 372 ± 71 b | 7.3 | 158 ± 48 c | 30.3 | *** |
| Galloyl-quinic acid | 4.4 ± 0.1 a | 3.5 ± 0.4 b | 79.5 | 3.3 ± 0.4 b | 75 | 1.7 ± 0.3 c | 38.6 | *** |
| Total Phenolic Acid Derivatives | 2169 ± 410 c | 7026 ± 793a | 323.9 | 5152 ± 738 b | 246.2 | 6347 ± 1014 a | 292.6 | ** |
| Flavan-3-ol derivatives | ||||||||
| Epigallocatechin | 37 ± 0.5 a | 38 ± 3 a | 102.7 | 24 ± 2 b | 64.9 | 18 ± 2 c | 48.6 | *** |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 4.4 ± 1.4 a | 102.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 b | 20.9 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | - | *** |
| Epicatechin gallate | 0.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.27 ± 0.04 a | 128.6 | 0.02 ± 0.01 c | 9.5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | - | *** |
| Total Flavan-3-ol derivatives | 41.5 ± 0.7 a | 42.7 ± 4.4 a | 102.8 | 24.9 ± 2.2 b | 60 | 18 ± 2 c | 43.4 | *** |
| Flavanones Derivatives | ||||||||
| Eriodyctiol | 0.66 ± 0.04 a | 0.68 ± 0.09 a | 103 | 0.27 ± 0.05 b | 40.9 | n.d. c | - | *** |
| Eriodyctiol hexoside 1 | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 81.8 | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 27.3 | n.d. c | - | *** |
| Eriodyctiol hexoside 2 | 0.04 ± 0.02 ab | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 125 | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 50 | n.d. c | - | *** |
| Hesperetin glucoside 1 | 0.12 ± 0.05 a | 0.17 ± 0.07 a | 141.7 | n.d. b | 0.0 | n.d. b | - | *** |
| Hesperetin glucoside 2 | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | n.d. b | 0 | n.d.b | 0.0 | n.d. b | - | *** |
| Total Flavanones Derivatives | 0.96 ± 0.12 a | 0.99 ± 0.21 a | 103.1 | 0.32 ± 0.07 b | 33.3 | n.d. c | - | *** |
| Flavonols Derivatives | ||||||||
| Quercetin-hexoside 1 | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 66.7 | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 66.7 | n.d. c | - | ** |
| Quercetin-hexoside 2 | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 100 | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 60 | 0.02 ± 0.01 c | 20 | *** |
| Isorhamnetin hexoside 1 | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 100 | n.d. b | 0 | n.d. b | - | ** |
| Isorhamnetin hexoside 2 | 0.70 ± 0.01 a | 0.67 ± 0.07 a | 95.7 | 0.50 ± 0.07 b | 71.4 | 0.37 ± 0.07 c | 52.9 | *** |
| Total flavonol derivatives | 0.84 ± 0.02 a | 0.80 ± 0.09 a | 95.2 | 0.58 ± 0.10 b | 69 | 0.39 ± 0.08 c | 46.4 | ** |
| Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives | ||||||||
| Ferulic acid hexoside 1 | 48 ± 2 a | 48 ± 4 a | 100 | 27 ± 3 b | 56.3 | 20 ± 3 c | 41.7 | *** |
| Ferulic acid hexoside 2 | 63 ± 3 a | 70 ± 8 a | 111.1 | 37 ± 3 b | 58.7 | 13 ± 2 c | 20.6 | *** |
| Sinapic acid hexoside 1 | 19 ± 2 a | 20 ± 1 a | 105.3 | 11 ± 1 b | 57.9 | 7 ± 2 c | 36.8 | *** |
| Sinapic acid hexoside 2 | 28 ± 2 a | 31 ± 4 a | 110.7 | 20 ± 3 b | 71.4 | 11 ± 1 c | 39.3 | *** |
| sinapic acid hexoside 3 | 35 ± 2 a | 35 ± 4 a | 100 | 19 ± 2 b | 54.3 | 8 ± 2 c | 22.0 | *** |
| Caffeoyl-hexoside 1 | 47 ± 2 a | 40 ± 4 b | 85.1 | 17 ± 3 c | 36.2 | 7.9 ± 0.8 d | 16.8 | *** |
| Caffeoyl-hexoside 2 | 3.3 ± 0.6 a | 3.8 ± 0.9 a | 115.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 b | 48.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 c | 18.2 | *** |
| Caffeoyl-quinic 1 | 0.5 ± 0.3 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 80 | n.d. b | 0 | n.d. b | - | *** |
| Caffeoyl-quinic 2 | 2.3 ± 0.3 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a | 108.7 | 1.09 ± 0.19 b | 47.4 | 0.02 ± 0.05 c | - | *** |
| Total Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives | 246.0 ± 14.2 a | 251 ± 26 a | 101.9 | 133.7 ± 15.5 b | 54.3 | 67.5 ± 11.1 c | 27.4 | *** |
| Xanthone | ||||||||
| Mangiferin | 0.12 ± 0.01 ab | 0.14 ± 0.03 a | 116.7 | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 75 | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 83.3 | ** |
| Gallotannins derivatives | ||||||||
| Mono-galloyl-glucose | 481 ± 16 a | 453 ± 30 a | 94.2 | 385 ± 30 b | 80.0 | 516 ± 85 a | 107.3 | ** |
| Mono-galloyl-glucose | 526 ± 34 a | 465 ± 53 b | 88.4 | 373 ± 49 c | 70.9 | 197 ± 21 d | 37.5 | *** |
| Tetra-O-galloyl glucoside | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 0.33 ± 0.06 b | 220 | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 333.3 | 0.37 ± 0.09 b | 246.7 | *** |
| Tetra-O-galloyl glucoside | 1.72 ± 0.08 c | 2.3 ± 0.3 b | 133.7 | 2.7 ± 0.4 a | 157 | 2.2 ± 0.4 bc | 127.9 | * |
| Penta-O-galloyl glucoside | 1.9 ± 0.6 b | 2.0 ± 0.7 b | 107.9 | 2.0 ± 0.4 b | 105.3 | 8 ± 2 a | 421.1 | *** |
| Total Galloyl derivatives | 1011 ± 51 a | 923 ± 84 b | 91.3 | 763 ± 80 c | 75.5 | 724 ± 108 c | 71.6 | ** |
| TOTAL POLYPHENOLS | 3469 ± 476 d | 8244 ± 908 ab | 237.6 | 6075 ± 836 c | 180.5 | 7156 ± 1135 bc | 206.3 | ** |
Different letters within each row indicate significant difference among samples Ns: non-significant; * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001. n.d.: not detected.