Table 1.

Summary of the functionalization of textile materials with CuO NPs conducted by the in situ method.

Precursor	Textile Substrate	Shape of Particles/Structure	Crystal Structure/Size of Particles	Application Method	Additional Treatment/Others	Functionality	Washing Testing	Antimicrobial Activity	Antimicrobial Test	Ref.
0.005 M Cu(Ac)2·XH2O	Cotton	NR	15 nm	Sonochemical/ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz)	No additional treatment	Antibacterial activity	NR	E. coli (ATCC 10407), S. aureus (ATCC 29067)	NR	[42]
0.04 mol Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O	Cotton	NR	~10–20 nm	Sonochemical/ultrasonic irradiation (20–27 kHz)	No additional treatment	Antibacterial activity	NR	E. coli (ATCC 10407)	USP 51	[43]
4.8 × 10−4 M CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	NR	10 nm	Ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz)	Fabric was washed with 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 40 °C for 1 h.	Antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus, E. coli	NR	[44]
8 g Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O	Cotton	NR	60–80 nm	Sonochemical	Roll to roll coating	Antibacterial activity	65 cycles The hospital protocols of hygienic washing (75 °C) was used. EN ISO 6330	S. aureus (ATCC 6538), E. coli (ATCC 8739)	BS EN ISO 20743:2007	[52]
0.01 M Cu(Ac)2	Cotton	NR	Monoclinic Crystallite size: ~10 nm. Particle size on cotton: ~30 nm	Sonochemical (20 kHz)	Roll-to-roll coating	Antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), E. coli	NR	[53]
0.01 M Cu(Ac)2·XH2O	Cotton and hybrid fabric polyester: cotton (65:35)	NR	~80 nm	Sonochemical installation	Roll to roll coating	Antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus, E. coli	NR	[45]
0.005 mol CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	NR	NR	Ultrasound irradiation (20 kHz)	0.001 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyl tri-methyl ammonium bromide, triton X-100, and 0.001 M alkyl hydroxy-ethyl dimethyl ammonium chloride surfactants were used in the functionalization process.	Antibacterial activity	5 and 10 cycles at room temperature	E. coli, S. aureus, Candida albicans (C. albicans), Microsporum canis (M. canis)	AATCC 100 (2004)	[54]
Cu(Ac)2·XH2O	Cotton	NR	NR	Sonochemical/ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz)	Two pilot scale machines	Antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (ATCC 15442), A. baumannii (NCTC 10303), E. coli (ATCC 8739), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (NCTC 10442)	BS EN ISO 20743:2007	[46]
Copper ions	Cotton	NR	Monoclinic Various sizes	Ultrasonic irradiation (19 kHz)	No additional treatment	Antibacterial activity	65 cycles Washed at 75 °C	S. aureus, MRSA, A. baumannii, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	NR	[55]
Cu(NO3)2·3H2O	Polyaniline/cotton	NR	Monoclinic	Ultrasonic treatment (40 kHz)	Aniline polymerization	Antibacterial activity, electrical conductivity	NR	S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans	NR	[47]
0.1–15% owf CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	Rod and wheat-like	40–70 nm	Dip coating	Anti-creasing agent in the functionalization process	Antibacterial activity	10 and 30 cycles. 1 mL/L standard detergent at 60 °C-30 min was used.	S. aureus, E. coli	AATCC 100 (2004)	[56]
0.2 M CuSO4	Cotton	NR	NR	Dip coating	The fabric was cleaned with hydrogen peroxide, ammonium hydroxide. 3-chloropropyltriethoxisilane, diethanolamine in the functionalization process	Catalytic activity, antibacterial activity	NR	S. epidermidis, E. coli	Diffusivity zone inhibitory tests	[49]
0.2 M Cu(CH3COO)2	Cotton	NR	Crystallite size on cotton: 10.6 nm	Dip coating	The fabric was washed with a 1-g/L nonionic detergent solution as a pretreatment.	Photocatalytic activity, antibacterial activity	5 cycles	S. epidermidis, E. coli	AATCC 100	[57]
10 mM CuSO4	Cotton	NR	NR	Dip coating	The fabric was washed with nonionic agent Felosan RG-N and modified with 20 mL of the oxalic acid solutions of different concentrations (4, 6, and 10 w/v%).	Antibacterial activity	NR	E. coli (ATCC 25922, NCTC 13846, ATCC BAA-2469), S. aureus (ATCC 25,923 and 43,300), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), C. albicans (ATCC 24433), K. pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-2146)	ASTM E 2149-01	[48]
0.2 M Cu(CH3COO)2	Polyester	Cauliflower-like	Crystallite size on PES: ~27.5 nm. Particle size on PES: 222.5 nm	Dip coating	The fabric was washed with nonionic detergent as a pretreatment. The Seidlitzia Rosmarinus plant (Keliab) solution was used as reagent alkaline in the functionalization process.	Photocatalytic activity, self-cleaning properties, UV protection, antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus, E. coli	AATCC 100	[58]
Cu(CH3COO)2	Wool	NR	Crystallite size on wool: ~8.5 nm. Particle size on wool: 36.5 nm	Dip coating	The fabric was washed with nonionic detergent as a pretreatment. The Seidlitzia Rosmarinus plant (Keliab) solution was used as reagent alkaline in the functionalization process.	Antibacterial activity, UV protection	1 and 5 cycles	S. aureus, E. coli	AATCC 100	[50]
5, 25, 125, and 250 mM % CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	Spherical	40–100 nm	Dip coating + shaking	Cassia alata leaf extract as a pretreatment	Antibacterial activity	5, 10, and 15 cycles	E. coli	Diffusion method	[59]
2 mmol Cu(Ac)2·2H2O	Cotton	Round clusters	Monoclinic 40–94 nm	Ultrasonic-mediated dip coating	Two metal oxide sols were prepared: TiO2 and CuO sol syntheses. The modification of the cotton surface was achieved by the incorporation of citric acid (CA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve the attachment. The amount of TiO2 and CuO on cotton fibers was in the range of 10–12 wt%.	Antibacterial activity	10 cycles The treated cotton was washed with 2 g/L nonionic detergent at 50 °C-15 min, rinsed with water, and dries at 100 °C-5 min.	S. aureus (ATCC 6538), E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Agar diffusion test Dynamic shake test.	[60]
10 mM CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	NR	NR	Dip coating + dry + cure	Fabric was washed with nonionic agent Felosan RG-N. Succinic, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic and citric acids in the functionalization process.	Antibacterial activity	NR	S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. coli (ATCC 25922)	ASTM E 2149-01	[61]
18 w/w% CuSO4·5H2O	Cotton	Various morphologies	Monoclinic Crystallite size on cotton: ~15.9 and 12.4 nm	Dip coating + shaking	The fabric was washed with 2 g/L nonionic detergent at 60 °C for 45 min as a pretreatment.	Antibacterial activity	10, 20 and 30 cycles AATCC 61(2A)-1996	E. coli, S. aureus	ISO 20645:2004 and AATCC 100:2004	[62]
4 wt% CuSO4	Cotton	NR	Various sizes	Dip coating + shaking	The fabric was washed with 1 g/L nonionic detergent at 60 °C for 20 min. The citric acid and sodium hypophosphite were used as a stabilizing protective and reducing agent, respectively, in the functionalization process.	Antibacterial activity	10, 20 and 30 cycles AATCC 61(2A)-1996	E. coli, S. aureus	AATCC 147 and AATCC 100:2004	[63]
0.022 g MCu(CH3COO)2	Cotton	Needles, prolate spheroidal	L: 80 nm, D: 10 nm	Coating/dyeing process + ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz)	The 0.16 g reactive orange 16 (RO16) and 0.16 g reactive black 5 (RB5) dyes were used in the functionalization process	Antibacterial activity	Not specified	E. coli	NR	[64]
1 mm CuCl2	Cotton	Nanosphere	25–30 nm	Dip padding + microwave irradiation (2455 MHz)	The fabrics were treated with 10% (v/v) mercaptoacetic acid in the presence of para-toluene sulphonic acid.	Antibacterial activity, UV protection, flame retardation	10, 20, and 30 cycles AATCC 61(2A)-1996	S. aureus, E. coli	NR	[65]
0.5 M Cu(NO3)2·3H2O	Paper (cellulose)	Nano-leaves	W: 300 nm, L: 700 nm, T: 30 nm	Soak + drying	NR	Antibacterial activity	NR	E. coli (ATCC 8739), S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	NR	[66]
0.2–30.0% owf Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O	Cotton	NR	NR	Exhaust dyeing	NR	Antibacterial activity, UV protection	20 cycles ISO 105-C06:1994	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	ASTM E 2149-01	[51]
Copper wires—1 mm diameter	Cotton	NR	<100 nm	Spark discharge (1 kHz)	Ultrasonic pulse generator to avoid NP agglomeration in the functionalization process	Antibacterial activity	15 cycles	S. aureus, E. coli	AATCC 100	[67]
Copper cathodic	Polyester, polyamide	NR	NR	Cathodic cage plasma deposition	The argon atmosphere was used in the process.	Antibacterial activity	NR	NR	NR	[68]

NR = non-reported; L = length; D = diameter; W = width; T = thickness; owf = on-weight-fabric.