Table 2.
Change in subjective norms by intervention group over 12-month follow-up.
| Group | Lifestyle Factor and TPB Component | Run-In (Mean ± SE, 95% CI) |
Baseline (Mean ± SE, 95% CI) |
3 Months (Mean ± SE, 95% CI) |
6 Months (Mean ± SE, 95% CI) |
12 Months (Mean ± SE, 95% CI) |
Between-Group Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLB | Subjective norms: HCT and PA | 5.90 ± 0.25, 5.40–6.40 |
6.11 ± 0.21, | 6.15 ± 0.21, | 6.23 ± 0.20, | 6.08 ± 0.21, | NS |
| 5.70–6.52 | 5.74–6.56 | 5.84–6.61 | 5.66–6.50 | ||||
| (p = 0.36) | (p = 0.27) | (p = 0.12) | (p = 0.36) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 6.25 ± 0.22, 5.82–6.68 |
6.08 ± 0.24, | 6.41 ± 0.20, | 6.45 ± 0.18, | 6.30 ± 0.20, | ||
| 5.61–6.55 | 6.02–6.81 | 6.09–6.81 | 5.91–6.69 | ||||
| (p = 0.45) | (p = 0.35) | (p = 0.16) | (p = 0.69) | ||||
| GLB | Subjective norms: HCT and nutrition | 6.71 ± 0.17, 5.84–6.50 |
6.25 ± 0.15, | 6.29 ± 0.15, | 6.42 ± 0.13, | 6.28 ± 0.14, | NS |
| 5.95–6.56 | 6.00–6.59 | 6.16–6.68 | 6.00–6.56 | ||||
| (p = 0.619) | (p = 0.419) | (p = 0.061) | (p = 0.372) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 6.39 ± 0.16, 6.06–6.71 |
6.18 ± 0.19, | 6.55 ± 0.14, | 6.59 ± 0.13, | 6.43 ± 0.16, | ||
| 5.80–6.57 | 6.27–6.83 | 6.32–6.85 | 6.12–6.75 | ||||
| (p = 0.29) | (p = 0.24) | (p = 0.09) | (p = 0.68) | ||||
| GLB | Subjective norms: Friends and PA | 5.36 ± 0.26, 4.85–5.87 |
5.15 ± 0.25, | 5.06 ± 0.24, | 5.35 ± 0.22, | 5.02 ± 0.22, | NS |
| 4.65–5.65 | 4.60–5.53 | 4.83–5.68 | 4.58–5.87 | ||||
| (p = 0.44) | (p = 0.25) | (p = 0.66) | (p = 0.16) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 5.28 ± 0.25, 4.80–5.77 |
5.15 ± 0.27, | 5.58 ± 0.22, | 5.53 ± 0.21, | 5.37 ± 0.22, | ||
| 4.61–5.70 | 5.15–6.00 | 5.11–5.95 | 4.94–5.80 | ||||
| (p = 0.64) | (p = 0.19) | (p = 0.24) | (p = 0.65) | ||||
| GLB | Subjective norms: Friends and nutrition | 5.43 ± 0.23, 4.96–5.89 |
5.33 ± 0.22, | 5.28 ± 0.21, | 5.38 ± 0.19, | 5.09 ± 0.21, | NS |
| 4.90–5.76 | 4.87–5.70 | 5.00–5.78 | 4.68–5.49 | ||||
| (p = 0.71) | (p = 0.55) | (p = 0.83) | (p = 0.13) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 5.42 ± 0.23, 4.96–5.88 |
5.07 ± 0.27, | 5.57 ± 0.21, | 5.54 ± 0.20, | 5.48 ± 0.21, | ||
| 4.54–5.60 | 5.15–5.99 | 5.14–5.94 | 5.06–5.89 | ||||
| (p = 0.19) | (p = 0.47) | (p = 0.52) | (p = 0.74) | ||||
| GLB | Subjective norms: Family and PA | 5.86 ± 0.23, 5.40–6.31 |
5.85 ± 0.24, | 5.69 ± 0.22, | 5.85 ± 0.20, | 5.57 ± 0.22, | * p = 0.049 at 12 months |
| 5.39–6.32 | 5.25–6.12 | 5.45–6.25 | 5.13–6.31 | ||||
| (p = 0.99) | (p = 0.41) | (p = 0.98) | (p = 0.11) * | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 5.81 ± 0.22, 5.37–6.24 |
5.57 ± 0.23, | 5.89 ± 0.19, | 6.08 ± 0.16, | 6.01 ± 0.16, | ||
| 5.12–6.03 | 5.51–6.27 | 5.76–6.40 | 5.70–6.33 | ||||
| (p = 0.37) | (p = 0.71) | (p = 0.17) | (p = 0.24) * | ||||
| GLB | Subjective norms: Family and nutrition | 5.79 ± 0.20, 5.39–6.18 |
5.81 ± 0.21, | 5.65 ± 0.20, | 5.80 ± 0.18, | 5.47 ± 0.20, | * p = 0.050 at 12 months(AS) |
| 5.40–6.21 | 5.25–6.05 | 5.45–6.16 | 5.07–5.86 | ||||
| (p = 0.916) | (p = 0.473) | (p = 0.907) | (p = 0.058) * | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 5.93 ± 0.22, 5.50–6.36 |
5.70 ± 0.22, | 6.03 ± 0.18, | 6.05 ± 0.17, | 6.07 ± 0.16, | ||
| 5.25–6.14 | 5.67–6.39 | 5.72–6.39 | 5.75–6.39 | ||||
| (p = 0.344) | (p = 0.631) | (p = 0.523) | (p = 0.387) * | ||||
| GLB | Perception that friends exercise regularly | 3.92 ± 0.32, 3.29–4.56 |
4.33 ± 0.31, | 4.04 ± 0.28, | 4.29 ± 0.27, | 4.15 ± 0.27, | NS |
| 3.73–4.94 | 3.48–4.56 | 3.76–482 | 3.61–4.69 | ||||
| (p = 0.16) | (p = 0.66) | (p = 0.12) | (p = 0.27) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 3.87 ± 0.28, 3.23–4.42 |
3.99 ± 0.28, | 3.89 ± 0.26, | 4.14 ± 0.24, | 4.10 ± 0.25, | ||
| 3.44–4.54 | 3.38–4.40 | 3.66–4.61 | 3.61–4.59 | ||||
| (p = 0.68) | (p = 0.95) | (p = 0.27) | (p = 0.30) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that family exercises regularly | 3.71 ± 0.35, 3.02–4.41 |
4.02 ± 0.33, | 3.91 ± 0.32, | 4.26 ± 0.31, | 4.07 ± 0.32, | NS |
| 3.36–4.68 | 3.27–4.55 | 3.65–4.87 | 3.43–4.71 | ||||
| (p = 0.28) | (p = 0.45) | ( p = 0.02) | (p = 0.08) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 4.21 ± 0.30, 3.61–4.81 |
4.55 ± 0.30, | 4.60 ± 0.26, | 4.55 ± 0.27, | 4.26 ± 0.26, | ||
| 3.97–5.14 | 4.07–5.12 | 4.01–5.09 | 3.73–4.78 | ||||
| (p = 0.23) | (p = 0.12) | (p = 0.15) | (p = 0.81) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that friends eat a healthy diet | 3.94 ± 0.30, 3.35–4.52 |
4.26 ± 0.28, | 4.21 ± 0.26, | 4.34 ± 0.26, | 4.28 ± 0.26, | NS |
| 3.72–4.81 | 3.70–4.73 | 3.83–4.86 | 3.77–4.80 | ||||
| (p = 0.20) | (p = 0.23) | (p = 0.06) | (p = 0.05) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 4.43 ± 0.20, 4.03–4.83 |
4.43 ± 0.21, | 4.73 ± 0.20, | 4.83 ± 0.17, | 4.84 ± 0.18, | ||
| 4.02–4.85 | 4.34–5.12 | 4.51–5.16 | 4.49–5.19 | ||||
| (p = 0.99) | (p = 0.17) | ( p = 0.03) | (p = 0.03) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that family eats a healthy diet | 4.64 ± 0.30, 4.05–5.23 |
4.66 ± 0.30, | 5.06 ± 0.26, | 5.02 ± 0.26, | 4.84 ± 0.27, | NS |
| 4.07–5.25 | 4.54–5.59 | 4.51–5.54 | 4.31–5.37 | ||||
| (p = 0.93) | ( p < 0.05) | (p = 0.05) | (p = 0.22) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 4.95 ± 0.21, 4.53–5.38 |
5.02 ± 0.22, | 5.23 ± 0.21, | 5.42 ± 0.19, | 5.32 ± 0.19, | ||
| 4.58–5.45 | 4.81–5.64 | 5.04–5.80 | 4.94–5.70 | ||||
| (p = 0.76) | (p = 0.17) | ( p < 0.01) | (p = 0.01) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that HCT believes that genetic testing will help with weight management | 5.72 ± 0.23, 5.27–6.17 |
5.63 ± 0.23, | 5.59 ± 0.21, | 5.72 ± 0.19, | 5.67 ± 0.20, | NS |
| 5.18–6.09 | 5.19–6.00 | 5.34–6.09 | 5.27–6.07 | ||||
| (p = 0.72) | (p = 0.55) | (p = 0.98) | (p = 0.81) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 6.11 ± 0.20, 5.72–6.50 |
5.91 ± 0.22, | 6.36 ± 0.16, | 6.32 ± 0.15, | 6.06 ± 0.20, | ||
| 5.48–6.34 | 6.04–6.67 | 6.02–6.63 | 5.67–6.45 | ||||
| (p = 0.37) | (p = 0.15) | (p = 0.17) | (p = 0.77) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that friends believe that genetic testing will help with weight management | 4.93 ± 0.29, 4.35–5.51 |
4.66 ± 0.29, | 4.38 ± 0.27, | 4.80 ± 2.54, | 4.53 ± 0.26, | * p = 0.024 at 3 months |
| 4.10–5.23 | 3.84–4.92 | 4.30–5.31 | 4.01–5.05 | ||||
| (p = 0.34) | ( p = 0.04) * | (p = 0.59) | (p = 0.06) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 4.92 ± 0.27, 4.39–5.46 |
4.71 ± 0.28, | 5.18 ± 0.24, | 5.24 ± 0.23, | 4.99 ± 0.22, | ||
| 4.15–5.23 | 4.71–5.66 | 4.79–5.68 | 4.55–5.43 | ||||
| (p = 0.46) | (p = 0.28) * | (p = 0.15) | (p = 0.71) | ||||
| GLB | Perception that family believes that genetic testing will help with weight management | 5.16 ± 0.29, 4.59–5.72 |
4.92 ± 0.27, | 4.86 ± 0.25, | 5.13 ± 0.23, | 4.81 ± 0.25, | * p = 0.05 at 12 months (AS) |
| 4.39–5.45 | 4.37–5.35 | 4.68–5.58 | 4.31–5.31 | ||||
| (p = 0.40) | (p = 0.26) | (p = 0.91) | (p = 0.14) * | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 5.16 ± 0.25, 4.65–5.66 |
5.26 ± 0.25, | 5.50 ± 0.22, | 5.67 ± 0.21, | 5.40 ± 0.19, | ||
| 4.76–5.75 | 5.06–5.94 | 5.27–6.08 | 5.03–5.77 | ||||
| (p = 0.72) | (p = 0.16) | ( p = 0.02) | (p = 0.19) * | ||||
| GLB | Importance of following HCT’s advice | 6.31 ± 0.16, 5.99–6.62 |
6.08 ± 0.17, | 6.32 ± 0.14, | 6.41 ± 0.12, | 6.38 ± 0.12, | NS |
| 5.74–6.41 | 6.05–6.59 | 6.18–6.65 | 6.15–6.61 | ||||
| (p = 0.20) | (p = 0.95) | (p = 0.41) | (p = 0.53) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 6.52 ± 0.14, 6.25–6.79 |
6.52 ± 0.13, | 6.55 ± 0.13, | 6.66 ± 0.10, | 6.50 ± 0.14, | ||
| 6.25–6.78 | 6.29–6.81 | 6.45–6.86 | 6.22–6.78 | ||||
| (p = 0.96) | (p = 0.86) | (p = 0.25) | (p = 0.87) | ||||
| GLB | Importance of following friends’ advice | 3.19 ± 0.34, 2.51–3.86 |
3.50 ± 0.34, | 3.43 ± 0.32, | 3.41 ± 0.31, | 3.40 ± 0.30, | NS |
| 2.83–4.17 | 2.80–4.05 | 2.80–4.00 | 2.79–4.00 | ||||
| (p = 0.31) | (p = 0.39) | (p = 0.38) | (p = 0.33) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 3.49 ± 0.32, 2.85–4.13 |
3.38 ± 0.33, | 3.50 ± 0.30, | 3.62 ± 0.29, | 3.71 ± 0.28, | ||
| 2.72–4.04 | 2.91–4.10 | 3.05–4.20 | 3.15–4.28 | ||||
| (p = 0.74) | (p = 0.97) | (p = 0.63) | (p = 0.35) | ||||
| GLB | Importance of following family’s advice | 4.70 ± 0.37, 3.97–5.44 |
4.94 ± 0.37, | 4.79 ± 0.37, | 4.65 ± 0.35, | 4.65 ± 0.36, | NS |
| 4.21–5.67 | 4.06–5.51 | 3.95–5.36 | 3.95–5.36 | ||||
| (p = 0.42) | (p = 0.76) | (p = 0.80) | (p = 0.78) | ||||
| GLB+LGx | 4.58 ± 0.39, 3.80–5.36 |
4.53 ± 0.37, | 4.67 ± 0.34, | 4.66 ± 0.33, | 4.76 ± 0.32, | ||
| 3.79–5.27 | 4.00–5.35 | 4.01–5.31 | 4.13–5.40 | ||||
| (p = 0.89) | (p = 0.78) | (p = 0.80) | (p = 0.47) |
Subjective norms were measured on a Likert scale of 1 (disagree) through 7 (agree); 4 was considered neutral. Bolded values are significantly different from run-in (pre-intervention), within groups. GLB (n = 70 with mean value imputation); GLB+LGx (n = 70 with mean value imputation). * Significant or approaching significant differences for changes between groups. TPB: Theory of Planned Behaviour; NS: non-significant; AS: approaching significance; HCT: healthcare team; kcal: calories; GLB: Group Lifestyle Balance™; LGx: lifestyle genomics.