Table 1.
Studies reporting on apoptosis in human cancer cell lines cultured in microgravity.
| Tumor/Cell Line | Microgravity Conditions | Apoptosis Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thyroid cancer | |||
| ML-1 | RPM, 24 h | p53↑, Fas↑, Bax↑, Bcl-2↓ | [6] |
| FTC-133 | RPM, 72 h | No apoptosis detected | [165] |
| ONCO-DG1 | CN, 24 h | Bax↑, activated caspase-3, Bcl-2↓, TUNEL positive | [151] |
| Breast cancer | |||
| MCF-7 | RPM, 24 h | p53↑, Fas↑, Bax↑, caspase-8↑ | [166] |
| RPM, 48 h | No apoptosis detected | [163] | |
| MDA-MB-231 | RPM, 2 h | TUNEL negative | [167] |
| RPM, 72 h | Bax↑, Bcl-2↓ | [152] | |
| RCCS, 7 d | Bcl-2↓, MMP9↓, cyclin D3↑ | [160] | |
| Colorectal cancer | |||
| DLD-1 | RCCS, 48 h | PTEN↑, FOXO3↑, AKT↓ | [161] |
| MIP-101 | real microgravity, 10/12 d | EGFR↓, TGF-α↓, TGF-β↓ | [159] |
| Gastric cancer | |||
| SGC-7901 | CN, 72 h | TUNEL positive | [149] |
| Lung cancer | |||
| CRL-5889 | RPM, 72 h | TUNEL positive | [164] |
| Hepatoblastoma | |||
| HepG2 | 3D-CN, 72 h | BAX↓, CDKN1A↓, PTEN↑, DRAM1↑, PRKAA1↑ | [168] |
| Glioma | |||
| U251 | CN, 72h | p21↑, IGFBP-2↓ | [124] |
| CN, 24 h | Bcl-2↓, Bnip3↓, cleaved caspases 3/9↑ | [169] | |
| C6 | RPM, 1-24 h | Translocation of Bax, Bcl-2 | [170] |
| Melanoma | |||
| BL6-10 | CN, 24 h | Bcl-2↓, Bnip3↓, caspases 3/7/8↑ | [171] |
CN, clinostat; RCCS, rotating cell culturing system; RPM, random positioning machine; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling; ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation.