Table 3.
Factors associated with self-reported perception of government response to COVID-19 pandemic.
| Self–Reported Perception of Government Response | Unsatisfactory Government Response | Satisfactory Government Response | OR (Univariable) | OR (Multivariable) φ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 668) | (n = 383) | |||
| Caste/ethnicity | ||||
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 367 (60.9) | 236 (39.1) | - | - |
| Madhesi/Muslim | 145 (69.4) | 64 (30.6) | 0.69 (0.49–0.96, p = 0.028) * | 1.15 (0.70–1.89, p = 0.586) |
| Janajati | 115 (66.1) | 59 (33.9) | 0.80 (0.56–1.13, p = 0.211) | 0.96 (0.65–1.42, p = 0.846) |
| Dalit | 24 (70.6) | 10 (29.4) | 0.65 (0.29–1.34, p = 0.260) | 0.67 (0.29–1.46, p = 0.332) |
| Sanyasi, Bharati | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | 1.28 (0.61–2.64, p = 0.504) | 1.13 (0.50–2.49, p = 0.770) |
| Professional Category | ||||
| Doctor | 274 (73.9) | 97 (26.1) | - | - |
| Paramedics | 198 (64.3) | 110 (35.7) | 1.57 (1.13–2.18, p = 0.007) | 1.18 (0.78–1.79, p = 0.439) |
| Nurse/Midwife | 96 (55.5) | 77 (44.5) | 2.27 (1.55–3.31, p < 0.001) *** | 2.10 (1.38–3.18, p < 0.001) *** |
| Public Health Workers | 52 (42.6) | 70 (57.4) | 3.80 (2.49–5.85, p < 0.001) *** | 1.83 (1.07–3.11, p = 0.027) * |
| Lab Worker | 30 (58.8) | 21 (41.2) | 1.98 (1.07–3.60, p = 0.027) | 1.52 (0.79–2.90, p = 0.207) |
| Other (Pharmacist, Ayurveda HW etc.) | 18 (69.2) | 8 (30.8) | 1.26 (0.50–2.89, p = 0.606) | 1.37 (0.52–3.38, p = 0.506) |
| Province | ||||
| Bagmati Province | 147 (72.1) | 57 (27.9) | - | - |
| Province 1 | 136 (70.5) | 57 (29.5) | 1.08 (0.70–1.67, p = 0.726) | 0.99 (0.62–1.59, p = 0.976) |
| Province 2 | 113 (72.4) | 43 (27.6) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56, p = 0.937) | 0.88 (0.48–1.61, p = 0.680) |
| Gandaki Province | 42 (60.9) | 27 (39.1) | 1.66 (0.93–2.93, p = 0.083) | 1.69 (0.92–3.11, p = 0.090) |
| Province 5 | 96 (62.7) | 57 (37.3) | 1.53 (0.98–2.40, p = 0.062) | 1.48 (0.92–2.40, p = 0.105) |
| Karnali Province | 46 (41.4) | 65 (58.6) | 3.64 (2.25–5.96, p < 0.001) *** | 2.62 (1.52–4.53, p = 0.001) ** |
| Far–West Province | 88 (53.3) | 77 (46.7) | 2.26 (1.47–3.49, p < 0.001) *** | 1.72 (1.06–2.80, p = 0.030) * |
| Type of Health Facility | ||||
| Federal and Provincial managerial agencies | 53 (39.6) | 81 (60.4) | - | - |
| Teaching Hospitals | 135 (70.7) | 56 (29.3) | 0.27 (0.17–0.43, p < 0.001) *** | 0.52 (0.29–0.93, p = 0.027) * |
| Public Hospitals | 168 (70.0) | 72 (30.0) | 0.28 (0.18–0.43, p < 0.001) *** | 0.41 (0.24–0.70, p = 0.001) ** |
| Private Hospitals | 90 (68.2) | 42 (31.8) | 0.31 (0.18–0.50, p < 0.001) *** | 0.52 (0.28–0.94, p = 0.032) |
| Local public health facilities | 196 (67.1) | 96 (32.9) | 0.32 (0.21–0.49, p < 0.001) *** | 0.49 (0.30–0.81, p = 0.005) ** |
| Local-level managerial agencies | 26 (41.9) | 36 (58.1) | 0.91 (0.49–1.68, p = 0.752) | 1.12 (0.58–2.20, p = 0.742) |
| Knowledge about COVID–19 | ||||
| Inadequate | 154 (85.1) | 27 (14.9) | - | - |
| Adequate | 514 (59.1) | 356 (40.9) | 3.95 (2.61–6.20, p < 0.001) *** | 3.86 (2.51–6.16, p < 0.001) *** |
φ Odds Ratios were obtained by multivariate logistic regression adjusted for caste/ethnicity, Professional category, Province, type of health facility, and health worker perceived knowledge of COVID-19 * p-value < 0.05 at the 5% level of significance ** p-value < 0.01 at the 5% level of significance *** p-value < 0.001 at the 5% level of significance.