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Conceptual view of hierarchies in epidemiology, Damman et al. 2014 [3], (Figure 1). The “systems biology” concerns experimental research and modelling of pathogenesis at the cellular level; “systems epidemiology” refers to observational research and modelling of disease aetiology at the population level. For both levels there is overlap with the organismal level. Both levels of integration are necessary for the success of control interventions.
