Table 2.
Determinants of problems accessing medical care (column 2), health deteriorations (due to restrictions in the availability of medical care; column 3), and perceived future access to medical care (column 4). Results of multiple linear regressions.
| Wave 8 | Wave 16 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables | Problems Accessing Medical Care | Health Deteriorations (due to Restrictions in the Availability of Medical Care) | Perceived Future access to Medical Care | Problems Accessing Medical Care | Health Deteriorations (due to Restrictions in the Availability of Medical Care) | Perceived Future access to Medical Care |
| Gender: Female (Ref.: Male) | 0.27 (0.24) | −0.18 (0.18) | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.17) | −0.09 + (0.05) |
| Age category: 30 to 49 years (Ref.: 18 to 29 years) |
$-$0.09 (0.33) | −0.45 + (0.27) | −0.01 (0.08) | 0.0 (0.33) | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.07) |
| 50 to 64 years | 0.03 (0.40) | −0.58 + (0.30) | 0.22 ** (0.08) | −0.33 (0.37) | −0.38 (0.27) | 0.08 (0.08) |
| 65 years and over | −0.97 * (0.43) | −0.77 * (0.35) | 0.30 ** (0.09) | −0.90 * (0.39) | −0.62 * (0.27) | 0.08 (0.10) |
| Children (under 18 years): Yes (Ref.: Absence of children under 18 years) | 0.25 (0.27) | 0.63 ** (0.23) | −0.06 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.47 * (0.24) | −0.25 *** (0.07) |
| Education: General qualification for university entrance (Ref.: absence of qualification for university entrance) | −0.22 (0.26) | −0.26 (0.19) | 0.07 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.24) | −0.22 (0.18) | 0.08 (0.05) |
| Town size: - Medium sized town (20,001–100,000) (Ref.: municipality/small town (1–20,000)) | −0.16 (0.31) | −0.24 (0.23) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.16 (0.28) | −0.20 (0.20) | 0.05 (0.06) |
| Small city (100,001–500,000) | 0.29 (0.35) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.07) | −0.63 + (0.32) | −0.12 (0.25) | −0.02 (0.08) |
| Big city (>500,000) | −0.49 (0.32) | −0.28 (0.25) | 0.05 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.30) | 0.34 (0.24) | −0.08 (0.08) |
| Region: East Germany (Ref.: West Germany) | −0.22 (0.36) | −0.04 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.32) | 0.13 (0.25) | −0.01 (0.07) |
| Cases/100,000 population: Above median (Ref.: below median) | 0.13 (0.26) | 0.20 (0.20) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.01 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.06) |
| Relationship/Marriage: Yes (Ref.: no partnership/marriage) | 0.45 (0.36) | 0.40 (0.25) | −0.04 (0.07) | −0.22 (0.29) | −0.34 (0.23) | 0.27 *** (0.07) |
| Living situation: At least 2 individuals in the same household (Ref.: living alone) | −0.54 (0.41) | −0.36 (0.27) | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.57 + (0.34) | 0.45 + (0.26) | −0.20 ** (0.08) |
| Migration background: Yes (Ref.: no migration background) | −0.35 (0.29) | 0.35 (0.25) | −0.12 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.30) | 0.30 (0.23) | −0.06 (0.08) |
| Self-employment: Yes (Ref.: not self-employed) | −0.25 (0.37) | −0.17 (0.27) | −0.10 (0.09) | −0.06 (0.36) | 0.32 (0.30) | 0.04 (0.08) |
| Chronic disease: Yes (Ref.: no chronic diseases) | −0.03 (0.26) | −0.22 (0.20) | 0.13 * (0.06) | 0.48 * (0.24) | 0.25 (0.18) | 0.05 (0.06) |
| Affect: COVID-19 infection (higher values correspond to higher affect) | −0.27 + (0.14) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.00 (0.03) | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.11 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| Severity: COVID-19 infection (higher values correspond to higher severity) | 0.22 * (0.09) | 0.16 * (0.07) | −0.07 *** (0.02) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Constant | 5.16 *** (0.93) | 4.02 *** (0.68) | 3.15 *** (0.20) | 3.68 *** (0.84) | 3.26 *** (0.62) | 3.14 *** (0.19) |
| Observations | 360 | 374 | 976 | 425 | 458 | 978 |
| R2 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
Unstandardized beta-coefficients are reported; robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10. The outcome measures were assessed as follows (first two outcome measures from 2 = strongly disagree to 8 = strongly agree): “I had problems accessing medical care (e.g., because planned treatments have been postponed)”; “Due to restrictions in the availability of medical care, my health has deteriorated.”; “Should you need access to medical care in the next 12 months: How high do you estimate the probability of being able to access medical care?” (1 = extremely unlikely; 2 = not likely; 3 = likely; 4 = very likely).