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. 2020 Dec 14;25(24):5925. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245925

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Selection of working concentration of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) for induction of EMT of tumor cells. (A) TGF-β led to an acquisition of spindle-like phenotype by tumor cells. A549 cells were treated with TGF-β for 48 h followed by the evaluation of cellular morphology using phase contrast microscopy and the measurement of long and short axes of 200 random cells using ImageJ tool. (B) TGF-β increased motility of tumor cells. Scratched monolayers of A549 cells were treated with TGF-β for 24 h and 48 h after that wound closure rate was calculated using ImageJ software. (C) TGF-β switched expression of EMT-associated molecular markers to mesenchymal ones. Results of RT-PCR were from two independent experiments performed in tetraplicate. Relative expression levels were shown as mean ± standard deviation. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a housekeeping gene for normalization.