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Origin and functional heterogeneity and classification of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Non-fibroblast lineage cells such as monocytes or endothelial cells can become a part of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs represent very heterogeneous subpopulations with different functions in tumor-promoting and tumor-restraining manner. Tumor-promoting CAFs can be converted to tumor-restraining CAFs and vice versa.
