Table 2.
Soluble factors and function.
| Soluble Factors | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| TGF-β, TNFα, interleukins | Pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) activation | [22] |
| PDGF, CTGF, EGF | Secreted by activation and transformed PSCs for cancer cell proliferation | [22] |
| SHH | Produced by pancreatic cancer cells for PSC regulation | [31] |
| IGF1 | Reciprocal signal from SHH-activated PSCs for pancreatic cancer modulation | [31] |
| IL-6, Wnt5a, BMP4 | Produced by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and MSCs are recruited to the dysplastic stomach | [32] |
| CCL5/RANTES | Secreted by bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to enhance breast cancer motility, invasion, and lung metastasis | [33] |
| GM-CSF | Secreted by cancer-associated MSCs (CA-MSCs) for pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis | [34] |
| IL-6, IL-11, LIF | Secreted by inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) and activate STAT3 signaling in pancreatic cancer organoids | [36] |
| IL-1 | Secreted by pancreatic cancer cells for inducing LIF and JAK/STAT signaling in iCAFs | [37] |