Table 3.
Longitudinal study of CBCL scores up to 2.5 years of age in COGNIS participants.
| CBCL Scales | 18 Months | 2.5 Years | F(df) | p 1 | p 2 | p 3 | ηp2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing Problems | SF | 8.7 ± 4.6 | 12.6 ± 9.9 a | 3.041(2,98) | 0.011 | 0.16 | 0.047 | 0.058 |
| EF | 8.0 ± 6.7 | 9.0 ± 6.0 a,b | ||||||
| BF | 6.8 ± 5.5 | 7.5 ± 6.0 b | ||||||
| Externalizing Problems | SF | 14.6 ± 6.2 | 16.9 ± 7.9 a | 3.885(2,98) | 0.77 | 0.13 | 0.024 | 0.073 |
| EF | 12.5 ± 6.9 | 12.2 ± 6.8 b | ||||||
| BF | 12.4 ± 6.6 | 11.1 ± 7.7 b | ||||||
| Total Problems | SF | 37.9 ± 13.9 | 46.1 ± 26.3 a | 3.222(2,98) | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.044 | 0.062 |
| EF | 33.0 ± 21.3 | 34.4 ± 17.5 a,b | ||||||
| BF | 32.2 ± 16.9 | 31.1 ± 19.6 b | ||||||
| Affective Problems | SF | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 0.403(2,98) | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 0.008 |
| EF | 2.8 ± 2.9 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| BF | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| Anxiety Problems | SF | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 3.0 | 0.500(2,98) | 0.005 | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.010 |
| EF | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 4.2 ± 3.0 | ||||||
| BF | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 3.0 | ||||||
| Perv. Develop. Problems | SF | 3.5 ± 2.5 | 4.4 ± 3.7 | 1.710(2,98) | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.034 |
| EF | 3.3 ± 3.5 | 3.8 ± 3.0 | ||||||
| BF | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| ADHD | SF | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 6.1 ± 2.6 a | 3.442(2,98) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.066 |
| EF | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 2.7 a,b | ||||||
| BF | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 2.7 b | ||||||
| Op. Def. Problems | SF | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 4.5 ± 2.0 a | 3.630(2,98) | 0.034 | 0.39 | 0.030 | 0.069 |
| EF | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 2.5 a,b | ||||||
| BF | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.3 b |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. SF (n = 29); EF (n = 39); BF (n = 33). p-values, F-values (F) and effect sizes (ηp2) were obtained from a generalized linear mixed model of repeated measures: 1 shows differences between time points; 2 differences between time points according to the COGNIS groups; 3 longitudinal differences between the COGNIS groups. Values which do not share the same suffix (ab) are significantly different in a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Bold: p-value <0.05. ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders; BF, breastfed infants; df, degrees of freedom; EF, experimental infant formula; Op. Def., oppositional defiant; Perv. Develop, pervasive developmental; SF, standard infant formula. Mean normative values: total problems = 33.5; externalizing problems = 14; internalizing problems = 9; affective problems = 2.2; anxiety problems = 3.5; pervasive developmental problems = 3; ADHD = 5.5 and oppositional defiant problems = 4 [33].