Figure 5.

Crosstalk among inflammation-related transcription factors. The products of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are produced continuously by various inflammatory responses. Activated JAK and TAK1 modulate the phosphorylation of IκBα. Furthermore, the activated SATA3 dimer can translocate to the nucleus and activates the NF-κB transcription factor via p300-mediated acetylation. Accumulated ROS disrupts the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and upregulates the expression of ARE genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), by translocation of free nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). HO-1 catalyzes heme and directly inhibits inflammation. The signaling steps that are affected by phytochemicals in multiple signaling pathways are presented.