Figure 3.

Sarcoplasmic androgen-dependent and androgen-independent AR activation by β-catenin. Two primary hypothetical mechanisms or a combination thereof posited to be associated with our findings: (1) sarcoplasmic stabilization and co-activation of the AR-bound androgen by β-catenin (A) and (2) sarcoplasmic androgen-independent activation of the AR by β-catenin (B). AR = androgen receptor; LPR 5/6 = low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 or 6; FZD = frizzled receptor; Wnt = wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (Wnt) protein; DVL = disheveled; CK1 = casein kinase 1; GSK3β = glycogen synthase kinase 3β; FRAT = frequently rearranged in advanced T cell lymphomas; ARE = androgen response element).