Table 3.

Risk Factors and Diagnosis

Case No.	Age/Sex	IV Drug Type	Localization of Infection	HIV Ab	Diagnosis (Method)/Manner Obtained	Source
1	37/F	Drug use history not stated	Ventricular infection causing obstructive hydrocephalus	N/Aa	Aseptate hyphae/CSF exam after drain placed	[5]
2	32/M	Heroin and cocaine	Right basal ganglia	N/A	Rhizopus/Absidia (immunostains)/biopsy	[6]
3	24/F	Pentazocine and tripelennamine	Brain stem	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[7]
4	20/F	Drug use history not stated	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[8]
5	24/M	Heroin and cocaine	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/biopsy	[9]
6	28/M	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Rhizopus spp. (culture)/stereotactic biopsy	[10]
7	28/M	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic brain biopsy	[11]
8	30/F	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	Pos	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic brain biopsy	[12]
9	24/F	Heroin	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus arrhizus (PCR)/stereotactic brain biopsy	[13]
10	42/F	IVDU, not further specified	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic biopsy	[14]
11	43/M	IVDU, not further specified	Left cerebellar hemisphere	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/open biopsy	[15]
12	40/M	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus oryzae (PCR)/stereotactic brain biopsy	[16]
13	23/F	Methamphetamine	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus spp. (culture)/brain biopsy	[17]
14	37/M	Fentanyl	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus oryzae (PCR)/stereotactic brain biopsy	(This study)
15	44/M	Cocaine and opioids	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic biopsy	[18]
16	26/M	Amphetamines	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus oryzae (culture)/aspiration	[19]
17	31/F	Cocaine	Left basal ganglia	Pos	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic biopsy	[20]
18	34/M	Heroin	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus arrhizus (culture)/biopsy	[21]
19	53/F	Heroin and cocaine	Multiple abscesses including in left basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[22]
20	29/F	Opioids	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/biopsy	[23]
21	28/M	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Rhizopus oryzae (culture)/open brain biopsy	[24]
22	21/M	Heroin	Bilateral basal ganglia	Pos	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[25]
23	23/F	IVDU, not further specified	Bilateral basal ganglia	Pos	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[25]
24	25/M	IVDU, not further specified	Right temporal lobe	Neg	Rhizopus arrhizus (culture)/aspiration	[26]
25	33/F	IVDU, not further specified	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Ventriculostomy culture with aseptate branching hyphae	[27]
26	“Young”/M	Heroin	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Fungi with aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[28]
27	24/M	Drug use history not stated	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizomucor (culture)/biopsy	[29]
28	22/M	Heroin and cocaine	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Hyphal elements from autopsy	[30]
29	43/M	IVDU presumed but not confirmed	Ventricular disease with a left basal ganglia mass	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/ventricular biopsy	[31]
30	27/M	Drug use history not stated	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus spp. (next-generation sequencing)/CSF exam from time of drain placement	[32]/2020
31	26/F	Drug use history not stated	Bilateral basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/brain biopsy	[33]
32	27/F	Cocaine and opioids	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic brain biopsy	[34]
33	37/M	Heroin and cocaine	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[34]
34	32/F	Heroin and cocaine	Left basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[34]
35	49/M	No history of IVDU	Left frontal lesion progressed to involve right frontal and right basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[35]
36	22/F	IVDU, not further specified	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/stereotactic brain biopsy	[36]
37	24/M	IVDU, not further specified	Bilateral basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae from culture from ventriculostomy	[37]
38	24/M	Heroin	Right basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[38]
39	32/M	Heroin	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[39]
40	27/M	Heroin	Bilateral basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[40]
41	27/M	IVDU, not further specified	Multiple bilateral cerebral abscesses	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[24]
42	23/F	IVDU, not further specified	Right basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[6]
43	28/M	Heroin	Ventricular infection causing obstructive hydrocephalus	N/A	Aspirate during craniotomy with aseptate hyphae	[41]
44	40/M	Heroin	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Autopsy with aseptate hyphae	[41]
45	25/M	IVDU, not further specified	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Not stated	[36]
46	28/M	Heroin	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[42]
47	50/M	Heroin and cocaine	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Aseptate hyphae/autopsy	[43]
48	38/F	Amphetamines	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Mucor spp. (culture)/autopsy	[44]
49	30/M	Cocaine and amphetamines	Bilateral basal ganglia	N/A	Mucor spp. (culture)/autopsy	[44]
50	22/F	No history of IVDU	Ventricular infection causing obstructive hydrocephalus and basilar meningitis	N/A	Autopsy with aseptate hyphae	[45]
51	47/F	No history of IVDU	Right frontal lobe	N/A	Culture from abscess drainage	[46]
52	41/M	Heroin and amphetamines	Left basal ganglia	N/A	Aseptate hyphae seen at autopsy	[47]
53	25/M	IVDU, not further specified	Right basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus oryzae (culture)/autopsy	[48]
54	31/F	IVDU, not further specified	Bilateral basal ganglia	Pos	Not stated	[36]
55	53/M	Heroin and cocaine	Bilateral basal ganglia	Neg	Rhizopus spp. (culture)/stereotactic brain biopsy	(This study)

Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; F, female, M, male; IV, intravenous; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; IVDU, intravenous drug use; spp, species.

^aN/A, HIV status not explicitly stated.