Table 3.
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and dysfunction in pathological conditions.
| CNS Disease | The Type of BBB Breakdown and Dysfunction | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| AD | Down-regulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) | [201] |
| Down-regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) | [203] | |
| Decreased expression and functionality of P-gp | [204] | |
| Low expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins | [205] | |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Abundance of chemokines and cytokines, leading to damage on TJ proteins | [206] |
| PD | Decrease in TJ protein expression, leaky BBB | [207] |
| Abnormal distribution of GLUT1 | [208] | |
| Stroke | Up-regulation of GLUT1 Increased BBB permeability |
[209] |
| [210] | ||
| [211] | ||
| Glioblastoma | Induction of blood-brain tumor barrier | [212] |
| Overexpression of certain receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) | [213] |