ACA	Acetoacetate
Acetyl-CoA	Acetyl-coenzyme A
AHR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANP	Atrial natriuretic peptide
βCT	β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase
βDH	βOHB dehydrogenase
BMI	Body mass index
βOHB	β-hydroxybutyrate
Caco-2	Colon carcinoma cell line
CCL	C-C motif chemokine ligand
CHO	Carbohydrate
CTGF	Connective tissue growth factor
CXCL	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
DCs	Dendritic cells
DKA	Diabeticketoacidosis
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FADH2	Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FFAs	Free fatty acids
FOS	Fructo-oligosaccharide
Fox	Forkhead box
GATA3	GATA binding protein 3
GC	Guanine-plus-cytosine
GOS	Galacto-oligosaccharide
GPCRs	G-protein coupled receptors
GR	Glucocorticoid receptor
HDACs	Histone deacetylases
HEK293	Human embryonic kidney 293
HRB	Human-Residential Bifidobacteria
HT-29	Colon adenocarcinoma cell line
IL	Interleukin
IFN	Interferon
IkB	Inhibitor of kappa B
IKK	Kappa B kinase
ILA	Indole-3-lactic acid
ILC2s	Group 2 Innate lymphoid cells
IRAK-2	IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 2
JNK	c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase
Kac	Histone/lysineacetylation
Kbhb	β-hydroxybutyrylation
KBs	Ketone bodies
KD	Ketogenic diet
Kme	Histonemethylation
LAB	Lactic acid bacteria
LCDs	Low carbohydrate diets
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MCTI1	Monocarboxylate transporter 1
MED	Mediterranean diet
miR	MicroRNA
MnSOD	Manganese superoxide dismutase
Mt2	Metallothionein 2A
MUFA	Monounsaturated fatty acid
NADH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAPA	Nitrate reductase catalytic subunit
NF-κB	Nuclear factor-κB
NLRP3	Leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3
OMVs	Nanosized outer membrane vesicles
ORMDL3	ORM (yeast)-Like protein isoform 3
PSA	Polysaccharide A
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acid
P38 MAPK	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
RelA	Relaxedaspartate-auxotrophic
RCTs	Randomized controlled trials
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SAT	Saturated fatty acid
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SERCA	Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump
SIgA	Secretory immunoglobulin A
Smad	Deca-pentaplegic homolog
ST2	Stimulation-expressed gene 2
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid
TGF	Transforming growth factor
TLR	Toll like receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor
TRAF	Tumor receptor associated factor
Tregs	Regulatory T cells
TSLP	Thymic stromal lymphopoietin
UPR	Unfolded-protein response
VLCD	Very low-calorie diet
VLCKD	Very low-calorie ketogenic diet